APRIL 1983
U.S.Edilion $2 50
InieffliaWonal Edition $3.00
Advancing Computer Knowled
f
The Micro Communici^ions
Revolution
APPL
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(^b^ \3ar'(^oft'
L oc,'
In this month's
Learning Center:
Guessing Game for the Vi
CM
I Physics Tutorial
|74470"11690
^ i
^/M'sk'
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JMCftO
April Highlights
"communication (k>myoo'n9-ki'st@ii)
n... 1. The act of communicating;
transmission.... 4. Plural. A means of
communicating, especially: a. A system
for sending and receiving messages, as
by mail, telephone, or television."
The American Heritage Dictionary
may want to amend this definition to
read "...by computer, mail, telephone,
or television." Certainly communica-
tion by computer offers many possibili-
ties, limited only by our imaginations.
"Eight million computer terminals
will be in use in American homes by
the end of this decade, many linked by
information networks to businesses
and other data bases," according to J.S.
Mayo of Bell Labs (see Bradley Coley's
article, "At the Front: The Micro Com-
munications Revolution" p. 26). These
terminals will be used for fun and for
profit. Subscribers to information
banks such as The Source and Compu-
Serve will be able to receive electronic
mail, news, weather, and sportS; they
will be able to teleshop via electronic
catalogues, and get up-to-the-minute
reports on the stock market. Job
hunting will become more selective,
bartering may return as a form of
salesmanship, formal education may
revert from the classroom to the home.
The possibilities are infinite. Anyone
who has a telephone or TV will have
access to a world of information
through networking.
To learn more about communica-
tions and the microprocessor, read
Bradley L. Coley's article mentioned
above. He presents three theories for
what will motivate the interactive and
networking potential — home, office,
and enterprise. Mr. Coley also dis-
cusses the home computer market, net-
working, and the field of "information
for profit." In "Dialing the Networks,"
(pg. 38) Cliff Glennon maps out the
essential steps needed for a MC6809-
based home computer to communicate
with The Source and CompuServe. He
includes a short assembly-language
program that implements some basic
disk functions, and interfacing and con-
trol codes for the MC6850 ACIA. Terry
Peterson describes how to turn the
Commodore SuperPET into a smart ter-
minal for a mainframe. See ' 'A Not-So-
Dumb Terminal Program for the Super-
PET" (pg. 31) for a machine-language
program that uses the 6551 ACIA serial
port for RS-232 I/O.
"PET-to-PET Communications" by
F. Arthur Cochrane (pg. 47) provides a
machine- language program to transfer
an array from one PET to another via
the user port. And "A Home-Built
Communications Interface" by John
Steiner (pg. 44) describes how to con-
struct a commvmications interface. In-
About the Cover
The oiiginal oil painting by Frank
Wyman, Time in Space, creates an ap-
propriate feeling of expansion and in-
finity — the feeling generated by
today's communications field.
Photo and painting by:
Frank Wyman
Wyman Art Studio
Lowell, MA 01852
(6171 459-7819
eluded is a siir;ple, reliable, and inex-
pensive desigii for converting the inter-
face to a telephone modem. "Multi-
Microprocessed Tidbits" (pg. 50)
shows you how to create a powerful de-
vice by running a 6502 and 6809 in the
same computer simultaneously. Mike
Rosing presents a general description of
a specific task for which two processors
were used, and discusses some of the
problems you might encounter.
The communications section in-
cludes an article by our technical editor
Phil Daley, who outlines a method
MICRO is now using to communicate
between the FOCUS, a 6809-based
microprocessor (produced by our sister
company The Computerist), and the
Compugraphic Editwriter 7500. "In-
House Communications" (pg. 54) is an
informative tutorial that shows you
how we use the FOCUS as a text editor,
sending material in its final format to
the Compugraphic for output.
Business Applications
"Mutual Fund Charting for APPLE and
OSI," by Ralph H. Green (pg. 98)
enables you to make, update, and print
mutual fund files on both OSI and Ap-
ple computers. The programs are writ-
ten mostly in BASIC (except for a few
commands peculiar to OSI) and are
easily transportable to other micros.
"Analysis of Bond Quotations on the
APPLE," by Donald C. Lewis (pg. 92)
computes information about the perfor-
mance of bonds. Data for these com-
putations are available in the financial
section of your newspaper. "LETTER-
MASK: A Check-Protecting
Algorithm" (pg. 102] is an Applesoft
BASIC routine by Barton M. Bauers. In
addition to number masking, this
routine gives your checks additional
security by spelling out the amount.
Learning Center
Our new Learning Center opens the
classroom door to discussions of
momentum, number conversion, and
programming concepts about flags and
random numbers. "Conservation of
Momentum for ATARI and COMMO-
DORE" by Jerry Faughn (pg. 84) helps
the beginning computerist examine the
conservation law of momentum as ap-
plied to collision problems. "Is a
Number a Number?' ' by Phil Daley (pg.
86 ) shows you how answers are af-
fected by the base of the numbering
system you use. "MASTER for VIC-20
and COMMODORE 64" by Loren
Wright (pg. 70) is a simple guessing
game for one or two players, based on
the popular commercial game, and
teaches you about flags and random
numbers.
And...
Of particular interest this month is
the Information Sheet (pg. 57), which
includes a list of Bulletin Boards
throughout the US and elsewhere. A
note of interest here: We received this
list from a Califortiia data bank via a
telephone modem connected to the
FOCUS.
We hope you find the April issue of
MICRO informative. Read, learn, and
communicate! iMCRO~
MICRO
No. 59 -April 1983
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Advancing Computer Knowledge
MICRO
34 Chelmsford Street, P.O. Box 6502
Chelmsford, MA 01824 617-256-5515
Editorial
Maijorie Morse, Managing Editor
Phil Daley, Technical Editor
Lor«n Wrtght, Technical Editor
Emmalyn H. Bentley, Assistant Editor
Maureen Dube, Editorial Assistant .
John Hedderman, Jr. Programmer
Advertising
Bob Mackintosh, Sales Manager
Dawn Blute, Administrative Assistant
Magazine Distribution
Kathle Maloof, Sales Manager
Linda Hensdiil, Assistant
Carol A. Stark, Subscriptions
Graphics
Helen Bergeron, Art Director
Paula Kramer, Production Manager
Accounting
Donna M. Trtpp, Comptroller
Kay Collins, Bookkeeper
Contributing Editors
Cornells Bongers
Dave Malmberg
John Stelner
Jim Strasma
Paul Swanson
Richanl Vile
President/Editor in Chlet
Robert M. Trtpp
Publisher
John Qrow
COMMUNICATIONS FEATURE
Communications:
26 The Growing Network
. Bradley L Coley, Jr.
A Not-So-Dumb Terminal Program
3 1 for tlie SuperPET Terry M. Peterson
Turn the SuperPET into a smart terminal for a mainframe
. Cliff Glennon
OQ Dialing the Networl<s
^^ A MC6809 communicates with major networl<s
A A A Home-Built Communications Interface John ste/ner
^^ Circuitry and techniques for construction
Z 7 PET-tO-PET Communications F. Arthur Cochrane
^ ' Transfer an array over the User Port
cn Multi-Microprocessor Tidbits Mike Rosing
'-'^ Run a 6502 and 6809 on the same computer — simultaneously
c/ In-House Communication Phii Daley
*-'^ A lool< at MICRO'S use of computer communication
MICRO is published monthly by. MICRO,
Chelmsford, MA 01824. Second Class
postage paid at: Chelmsford, MA 01824 and
additional mailing offices. USPS Publica-
tion Number: 483470. ISSN: 0271-9002.
Send subscriptions, change of addiess,
USPS Form 3579, requests for back issues
and all other fulfillment questions to
MICRO, 34 Chelmsford St., P.O. Box 6502,
Chelmsford, MA 01824, or call (617)
256-5515, Telex: 955329 TLX SRVC,
800-227-1617. Subscription rates (peiyeai):
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America, South Africa, Far East,
Australasia, New Zealand $72.00.
Copyright © 1982 by MICRO.
All Rights Reserved.
THE LEARNING CENTER
7Q MASTER for VIC and COMMODORE 64
' ^ A serious look at a simple guessing game
Conservation of Momentum
84 for ATARI and COMMODORE.
An introductory physics demonstration
. Loren Wright
Jerry Faughn
QC Is a Number a Number? Phii Daley
O^ Convert numbers from one base to another
QQ A Beginner's Computer Glossary, Part 2
MICRO
No. 59- April 1983
Entertainment, teleshopping,
and home video banking are
what the information revolu-
tion is ail atraut.
Communications Feature
starts on pg. 26.
HARDWARE
CO APPLE, Mountain, and Data Capture. . . h. Bruce Land, iii
'-'O An inexpensive and versatile communications method for the APPLE
c-j Unleash the AIM "A" Block Tom uiievig
^ ' Recover memory space on your AIM 65
BUSINESS
Analysis of Bond Quotations
92 on the APPLE David C. Lewis
Compute the performance of bonds
Mutual Fund Charting
98 for APPLE and OSI Ralph H. Green
Two programs to make and print mutual fund files
LETTERMASK:
1 02 A Check-Protecting Algorithm Barton m. Bauers, Jr.
A number-masking routine
COLUMNS
Apple Slices Tim Osbom
■] 2 A look at worksheet formulas
PET Vet Loren Wright
"] Q New Commodore books and C64 information
on From Here to Atari Paul Swanson
^^ Readers' hardware questions are answered
po CoCo Bits John Steiner
^^ The F board and CoCo operating systems
1 nfi Interface Clinic Ralph Tenny
I \J\j Create a decoder
J9 Ummk AveragB = 1
PKrcmntagK change ainca laat high « 4.17V.
Most i-»c»nt •ntry i» 11/19/B2
No. 59 -April 1983
MICRO
Mow experience adventuring in a brand new way. Attempt to win through on your own. or with up to 4 other
decision-making characters playing at the same time! Either way, there's new involvement and
enjoyment because you'll see all the magnificent characters on-screen as you travel and
unravel the clues.
Your quest is to find the wizard's ring which has been missing for aeons. Many
have searched for it . . . unsuccessfully. So, you know the hazards are many
—the traps are ingenious— and solving the puzzle takes great wit.
But take heed. For plotting your way through the mysterious,
magical rooms takes cleverness and a double dose of ^..^.r ■
courage. And the more of you on the quest, the more j^mi''
intriguing and difficult the task becomes. The j^R?; '
strong of heart can succeed where others fail—
and win through to find the ancient missing
ring. Are you the one?
The Missing Ring - '
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/MCftO
Editorial
MICRO'S Learning Center
As you can see by flipping through
this month's issue, MICRO is
changing — not in content, but in
style. We're adding more color,
more pictures, and more graphics.
The only change in content is the
addition of The Learning Center,
which you'll find beginning on
page 67.
Why a new section?
We know the material we offer
each month is what you need —
serious programming applications
and techniques, and pertinent in-
dustry news — because you are a
serious user. But we also know
there are many new users who need
tutoring and instruction. We've
developed The Learning Center to
help these computerists enhance
their programming skills.
Many beginners purchase home
computers such as the VIC-20,
Commodore 64, Atari 400 or 800,
TRS-80 Color Computer; most of
the articles we publish wUl run on
several of these systems, along with
the Apple. We will provide the
necessary conversions for miming
the programs on each machine. For
instance, last month "MICROCalc"
was offered for all Commodore
machines and the Apple.
What will be in
The Learning Center?
We plan to offer uncomplicated pro-
grams, accompanied by informative
text, that will answer your questions
about programming. Why were cer-
tain lines inserted where they were?
What approach is best for writing
particular types of programs? What
machine offers what characteristics?
Who will read it?
The Learning Center is not an
attempt to turn MICRO into a
magazine that covers all levels of
computing for all levels of users. In-
stead it allows MICRO to reach the
scope of its intended audience:
serious, sophisticated users of all
levels.
Even advanced users had to start
somewhere. Many didn't want to
play games or use canned software;
they wanted to learn how to develop
their own material. We hope readers
following The Learning Center will
pick up techniques and hints that
will advance their programming
capabilities and talents.
We'd like to receive feedback
from our readers on this new sec-
tion. Perhaps you have suggestions
on topics or approaches. Maybe you
could offer ideas on improvements.
We would especially like to hear
from those who feel they could con-
tribute material to The Learning
Center. Write to us soon; help us
mold The Learning Center into a
valuable and exciting part of
MICRO.
Marjorie Morse
JMCRO
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No. 59- April 1983
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/MCftO
Letterbox
OSI Questions
Dear Editor:
I own an OSI CIP series n computer
and a Radio Shack Lineprinter VII; this
configuration introduces a second line-
feed by the printer, therefore double-
spacing each printed line.
Apparently Radio Shack computers
have an interpreter that doesn't send
a linefeed so the printer must provide
one. I would appreciate it if your
readers could offer some help. This
printer performs well and I'd hate to
exchange it because of this annoying
problem.
Ray Audette
46 Carre Provence
Neufchatel P.Q.
Canada G2B 3R3
Dear Editor:
I've had nothing but trouble with
my OSI C4P since the day I bought it.
The trouble has been diagnosed as faulty
memory. I was wondering if there is a
memory program that can check the
entire memory and locate the chip that
is giving trouble. Also, what do you put
in to check existing memory? How can
you control the cursor (back up to re-
write)?
I've sent two letters to OSI and
never received a reply. I can't even
trade it for a newer one; even the dealer
I bought it from won't take it on trade!
Can any of your readers help me with
this problem? (And, does anyone want
to buy a C4P?).
Jeff Guernsey
112 Overhill
Salina, KS 67401
Readers Help Out
Dear Editor:
A few months ago you published
my letter to tell your readers that I was
interested in compiling a book of listed
programs for use in microcomputer ap-
plications in medicine. I received let-
ters from all parts of America, Canada,
South America, Europe, Israel, South
Africa, and even a letter from China.
There were early morning phone calls,
picture postcards, packets of discs,
bundles of listings; it was a tremem-
dous response.
The outcome is that the book is
now published by medical Software
Co., Box 874, Center Moriches, New
York 11934, price $80.00. The volume
contains medical application programs
for patient scheduling, record retrieval,
simple billing, utilization of equip-
ment, simple statistics; standard devia-
tion calculations and curve fitting
routines.
Programs are still coming in and are
being reviewed for the second volume
which should be ready in April 1983. I
want to thank everyone again for the
tremendous response.
Derek Enlander, M.D.
University Hospital
New York, NY
Updates
and Microbes
spell 'N Fix
There have been some changes in
the configuration that affect my review
(Spell 'N Fix 55:102). The disk version
has been optimized; disk and tape ver-
sions are no longer convertible. The
new version is slightly faster and is
compatible to Color Sciipsit disk files.
Filespecs are now checked before disk ac-
cess, so you can recover from accidental-
ly mistyping a filename. Lastly, the disk
version is available on protected disk,
making backups a little more difficult.
John Steiner
Riverside, ND
Data Sheet Bug
Apparently there is a bug in the
BASIC decimal to hex number conver-
sion program in the MICRO Data Sheet
{Continued on page 10)
MICRO
No. 59- April 1983
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/MCIK) Books
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Includes Machine-Language
enhancements and BASIC Aids,
hardware modifications for
enhanced/reversed video, pro-
grams for control code and
upper/lovi/er case entry. A valuable
programming tool.
a Micro on the OSI @ $19.95
Best Sellers for
APPLE Users!
MICRO on the APPLE
Programming aids, utilities,
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Volumes 1, 2, and 3 contain over
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D 3-Volume Gift-Boxed @ $59.95
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April 1983
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INVESTMENT TAX ANALYST
Apple* II Version
Developed by Advanced Investment Strategies, Inc.
Tax planning made simple.
Take the number crunching out of invest-
ment strategy, with this easy-to-use tax
analyst. Used as a template for VisiCalc®, it
lets you instantly project the profitability of
any investment (even series of investments)
foi' any period up to six years. Calculates
"before and after" tax liability and savings, . .
analyzes the Impact of tax credits and inter-
est limitations . . . and calculates net cost,
present value, and internal rate of return.
For the Apple® II, 64K memory using
VisiCalc. One S'A" disk with documenta-
tion. $150.00
USING VISICALC®
Getting Down To Business
Book/ Disk Set
Developed by Carol Klitzner & Matthew Plociak, Jt.
You don't have to be a computer wiz
to get all the computing power your
VisiCalc was designed to deliver.
Now you can exploit euery time-saving
feature and management function built
into VisiCalc, This unique book/software
package explains all its functions and
commands, and gives you ready-to-run lay-
outs for financial planning and forecasting,
cash flow analysis, inventory management,
financial ratios, break-even analysis, and a
host of other applications. 288-page book
and one SVi" disk for the Apple II, 48K
memory using VisiCalc, $56.90
SCHEDULER/CALENDAR
Apple* II Version
Developed by Ellen Montrose Cohen
Turn your Apple into a tireless,
efficient electronic secretary.
A must for every busy professional. Simple,
dependable, and easy-to-use, this total
time management system lets you enter,
find, display, delete, add to, and print an
appointment or entire day's schedule in sec-
onds,, .move appointments when there's
a cancellation. . .interface with other files
(such as phone numbers or addresses) . . .
annotate your schedule , . . even print labels,
"reminder" cards, and simple bills. One
5Vi" disk with documentation for the
Apple II, 48K memory. Available in May,
$65,00
Run with
Wiley Professional
Software
MULTIGRAPH
Apple* II Version
Developed by Robert Abey
A powerful, versatile, extremely
friendly computer graphics package.
Need to display financial or other numerical
data clearly, quickly, and conveniently? Just
select the type of graph you want— bar or
line, pie charts or scatter diagrams — input
the values, and MULTIGRAPH does the
rest. Change the values, the graphs change
automatically. You can even change from
one type of graph to another, , , and print at
the touch of a button. One 5V*" disk with
documentation for the Apple II, 48K mem-
ory. Available in May, $85,00
GOLDEN DELICIOUS GAMES
FOR THE APPLE® COMPUTER
Book/ Disk Set
Howard M. Franklin. Joanne Koltnow, LeRoy Finkel
Mind-challenging fun for the Apple® II.
Ready-to-run game programs, plus tech-
niques and subroutines more experienced
programmers can use to plug into existing
games or build new ones. 150-page book
plus two 5V4" disks for the Apple II, 32K
memory. $47.90
APPLE® BASIC
Data File Programming
Book/ Disk Set
LeRoy Finkel and Jerald Brown
How to create and maintain your own data
files for billings, inventories, mailing lists,
numerical and statistical data, and more —
plus ready-to-run file programs. 303-pagc
book plus one 5V*" disk for the Apple II,
48K memory. $34,90
pROGRAlVliVlINC'
Ask for Wiley Professional Software at your
local computer store. Or order directly from
us with this coupon — and use any program
free for 15 days,
WILEY PROFESSIONAL
SOFTWARE
a division of Jolin Wiley & Sons, Inc.
605 Third Avenue
New York, N.Y. 10158
Apple'^ is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.
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CALENDAR . . $65.00
0(1-87460-4) Abey
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GAMES $47.90
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APPLE BASIC $34 90
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No. 59- April 1983
3-9887
J
Circle No. S
MICRO
Updates & Microbes (continued)
#5 published in the September 1982
issue of MICRO.
As written, the program, run in
either Applesoft BASIC or Commodore
4.0 BASIC, returns an @ instead of the
initial nine for decimals in the range
36865 ($9001) to 40959 ($9FFF). In
fact, the program returns @@@9 for
decimal 39321 ($9999).
The following new lines (in place of
the existing lines) will correct the bug:
50 IFX > = 10 THEN PRINT
CHR$(X + 55);
60 IFX < = 10 THEN PRINT
CHR$(X + 48);
See listings 1 and 2 for both the
original and corrected programs.
Wilmon B. Chipman
Bridgewater, MA
Listing 1
s
REM PUBLISHED VERSION
10
REM X
< &SS36
20
INPUT X
30
X - X /
4096
40
FOR J >
■ 1 TO 4
SO
IF X >
9 THEN PRINT CHR*
(X
+ 55)1
&0
IF X <
- 9 THEN PRINT
CHR*
(X + 48)1
70
X - (X
- INT <X>) * 1^
SO
NEXT J
Listing 2
s
REM CORRECTED VERSION
10
REM X
< 6SS36
20
INPUT >
30
X - X /
4096
40
FOR J -
1 TO 4
SO
IF X >
- 10 THEN PRINT
CHR*
(X + SS> 1
60
IF X <
10 THEN PRINT CHR*
(X
+ 48)1
70
X - (X -
INT (X) ) » 16
SO
NEXT J
Apple Slices Sliced
Two lines in the December Apple
Slices column (page 66) were left out.
Insert:
179 9568 65 9B 179 ADC LOWTR
180 956A 85 9B 180 STA LOWTR
Tim Osbom
Manchester, NH
Oops!
In "Print Control for Apple Printers" (58:24), the "i" signs were left off of
the following lines of the program.
03M A9 H
36
PRNTCTRL
LDA
•4
aZ0C C9 2C
41
CMP
•COMMA
031D A0 26
50
C0ND08
LDY
•«26
0328 M M
S6
LDY
M
(339 A9 40
62
LDA
•HOOK
0Z39 CI aa
■n
PRINTl
CMP
•CR
azTt A9 m
97
PAGETEST
LDA
•e
038B A9 00
103
BTEPOVER
LDA
•0
ezAb m cs
120
LDA
•TITLE
03B3 m 00
123
LDA
•0
5 PARAnS <0 TO ^>. CCXJNT THEfl
NEXT CHR ALSO COnMA?
WHAT IS OUTPUT DEVICE ADDRESS?
THE ADDRESS ITSELF.
FINALLY POINT DOS' CSHL ADDRESS
GOT A CARRIAGE RETURN?
COME HERE AFTER CARR. RETURN
SKIP LINES TO GET TO NEXT PAGE
GET LBYTE OF TITLE
HIGH BYTE OF PAGE* (SO I1AX-255
iMCftO
VIC-20
SOFTWARE
SPECIALS
CBM-64^
Exciting fun in this galactic shoot-out
in space. 15 different attack patterns
with 32 levels of play.
Cassette $21.95
SIDEWINDER 8K $24.95
Ten explosive levels as you fly your
chopper at lightning speeds against
deadly Battlepods, alien Oblitojets
and Stalker bombs!
SWARM! 5K $24.95
Fantastic action as you battle against
a huge barrage of alien Android
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From Interesting Software
Cassette $15.95
>_ 3 ALL
'^ — ""^ cn:,(^ MACHINE
P^^^ COOEI
Bring the fun of tfie sfiooting
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music and colorful grapfiics.
CBM-64 & VIC-20 MINI-MONITOR
All machine code monitor which will
disassemble code, do text dump,
move memory, hex to decimal and
decimal to hex conversion as well as a
mini-assembler!
VIC-20 version requires 8K expansion.
Cassette $24.95
Disi( $29.95
CREATIVE SOFTWARE
GAMES ON CARTRIDGE
CHOPLIFTER $39.95
SERPENTINE $39.95
APPLE PANIC $39.95
ASTROBLITZ $39.95
TRASHMAN $39.95
Stellar Triumph
Great new all machine code game for your
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arcade sound and graphics! Fantastic space war
game with many options.
From H.A.L Labs ... tape or disk $24.95
Dust Covers
Water resistant
Attractive brown canvas
$7.95
KIDS & THE VIC
Great new book to add to your library,
only $14.95
INTERESTING SOFTWARE
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Visa/MC/Check/Money Order Add $2.00 Postage S Handling
CA residents add appropriate sales tax Dealer Inquiries Invited
'VIC-20 & CaM44 ,« a tradtniaili a< Coniniadoni Buwvss Machttws
Circle No. 9
10
MICRO
No. 59 -April 1983
NEW FROM D & N MICRO PRODUCTS, INC.
MICRO-80 COMPUTER
Z80A CPU with 4MHz clock and CP/M 2.2
operating system. 64K of low power static
RAM. Calendar real time clock. Centronics
type parallel printer Interface. Serial inter-
face for terminal communications, dip
switch baud rates of 150 109600.4" cooling
fan with air intal^e on backof computer and
discharge through ventilation In the bot-
tom. No holes on computer top or side for
entry of foreign object. Two 8" single or
double sided floppy disk drives. IBM single
density 3740 format for 243K of storage on
each drive. Using double density with 1K
sectors 608K of storage is available on a
single sided drive or 1.2 meg on a double
sided drive. Satin finish extruded
Microsoft
Basic-80
$289
BasicCompiler
$329
Fortran-80
$410
Cobol-80
$574
Macro-80
$175
Edit-80
$105
MuSimp/MuMath
$224
Mu Lisp-80
$174
Software available In IBM single density 8"
Digital Research
PU1-80 $459
Mac $ 85
Sid $ 78
Z-SId $ 95
CBasic-2 $110
Tex $ 90
DeSpool $ 50
Ashton-Tata
dBase II $595
aluminum with vinyl woodgrain decorative
finish. 8 slot backplane for expansion. 48
pin buss Is compatible with most OSI
boards. Uses al I standard IBM format CP/M
software.
Model80-1200 $2995
2 8" single sided drives, 1.2 meg of
storage
Model 80-2400 $3495
2 8' double sided drives, 2.4 meg of
storage
Option 001 $ 95
Serial printer port, dip switch baud rate
settings
format.
MIcropro
Wordstar $299
Mali-Merge $109
Spellstar $175
SuperSortI $195
Pascal
Pascal/MT + $429
Pascal Z $349
Pascal M $355
Convert almost any static memory OSI machine to CP/M® with the D & N-80 CPU Board.
Z80A CPU with 4MHz clock. 2716 EPROM
with monitor and bootstrap loader. RS-232
serial interface for terminal communica-
tions or use as a serial printer interface In a
VIDEO system. Disk controller is an Intel
8272 chip to provide single or double densi-
ty disk format. 243K single density or 608K
double density of disk storage on a single
sided 8" drive. A double sided drive pro-
vides 1.2 meg of storage. DMA used with
disk controller to unload CPU during block
transfers from the disk drives. Optional
Centronics type parallel printer port com-
plete with 10 ft. cable. Optional Real Time
Calendar Clock may be set or read using
'CALL' function In high level languages.
Power requirements are only 5 volts at 1.4
amps. Available with WORDSTAR for serial
terminal systems.
INCLUDES CPM 2.2
D & N-80 serial $695
D & N-80 serial w/Wordstar $870
D & N-80 video $695
OptionOOl $ 80
parallel printer and real time
calendar clock
D & N-80 CPU BOARD
OTHER OSI COMPATIBLE HARDWARE
I0-CA1 OX Serial Printer Port $1 25
Compatible with OS-65U and OS-65D soft-
ware
I0-CA9 Parallel Printer Port $175
Centronics standard parallel printer inter-
face with 10 ft. fiat cable
BP-580 8 Slot Backplane $ 47
Assembled 8 slot backplane for OSI 48 pin
buss
24MEM-CM9 $380 24MEM-CM9F $530
16MEM-CM9 $300 16MEM-CM9F $450
8MEM-CM9 $210 8MEM-CM9F $380
BMEM-CM9F $ 50 FL470 $180
24K memory/floppy controJier card sup-
ports up to 24K of 2114 memory chips and
an OSI type floppy disk controller.
Available fully assembled and tested with
8, 16, or 24K of memory, with floppy con-
troller (F). Controller supports 2 drives.
Needs separated clock and data inputs.
Available Bare <BMEM-CM9F) or controller
only (FL-470). Ideal way to upgrade
cassette based system
C1P-EXP Expansion Interface $ 85
Expansion for CI P 600 or 610 board to the
OSI 48 pin buss. Requires one slot In
backplane. Use with BP-580 backplane
BIO-1 600 Bare ID card $ 50
Supports 8K of memory, 2 16 bit parallel
ports may be used as printer Interfaces. 5
RS-232 serial ports, with manual and Molex
connectors
DSK-SW Disk Switch $ 29
Extends life of drive and media. Shuts off
minifloppy spindle motor when system is
not accessing the drive. Complete KIT and
manual
D & N Micro Products, Inc
3684 N. Wells St.
Fort Wayne, Ind. 46808
(219)485^14
3^9E.
TERMS $2.S0 Shipping, Foreign orders add 15%.
Indiana residents add 4% sales tax.
Disk Drives and Cables
S'ShugartSASOIsingiesided $395
8 ' Shugart SA851 double sided $585
FLC-66ft.cablefromD&NorOSI $ 69
controller to 8" disk drive
51/4' MPIB51 with cable, power $450
supply and cabinet
FLC-5 1/4 8 ft. cable for connection $ 75
to 5 1/4 drive and D & N or OSI
controller, with data separator and
disk switch
Okldata MIcrollne Printers
ML82A Dot Matrix Printer $534
120 CPS, 80/120 columns, 9.5" paper width,
friction or pin feed
ML 83A Same as 82A except $895
16" paper width, 132/232 columns with
tractor feed
ML 84 Same as 82A except 200 CPS, $1152
16" paper width, 132/232 columns, 2K buf-
fer, dot addressable graphics, with tractor
feed
circle No. 7
No. 59 ■ April 1983
MICRO
11
/MCftO
Apple Slices
Tim Osborn
This month's program, FORMULATE,
lets VisiCalc users see the formulas
that make up a worksheet all at once
rather than one at a time on the edit
line. If you do not use VisiCalc, you
may still be interested in FORMULATE
because it contains a general purpose
BASIC subroutine to access individual
DISK II sectors (lines 1140-1520).
FORMULATE will take any Visi-
Calc worksheet file and process it so
that all values are stripped out and just
the headings and formulas remain. The
formulas are translated into headings
so they will appear upon loading the
file. The data is then saved under the
original worksheet's name with
".FORMULAS" appended to the end of
the name. The original worksheet file
is unchanged, which preserves the
data. When the .FORMULAS version of
the worksheet is loaded [using the /SL
command of VisiCalc), the formulas
that make up the worksheet can be
viewed all at once along with any
headings contained in the worksheet.
The ".FORMULAS" version of the
worksheet can then be printed using
the /P command.
When FORMULATE is run it will
display each text file residing on the
diskette in the last accessed disk drive
one at a time. The user is asked to re-
spond "Y" if the file displayed is the
desired file and "N" if it is not. Once
the file is selected, FORMULATE will
perform its function, notifying the user
when the function is completed.
The Program
Lines 5-110 perform an initializa-
tion function to get the program ready
for operation. Line 120 calls the sector
read/write subroutine and reads the
VTOC (sector 0, track 17). The subrou-
tine at lines 1210 through 1230 in-
itialize two machine-language subrou-
tines. Line 1430 is a machine-language
program to locate the current DOS
Input/Output Block (lOB) and place a
pointer to the lOB in locations $00
through $01 so that the parameters can
be updated by BASIC. Line 1440 is a
subroutine that locates the lOB and
calls RWTS to perform the operations
specified in the lOB.
Line 1235 CALLs the locate-IOB
subroutine. Lines 1240-1250 compute
the modulo-256 of the buffer address
and update the lOB to point to the
desired buffer. Lines 1300 through 1390
form a subroutine that takes the
desired track (TRK%) and sector
(SEC%) and performs the operation
specified by OP% (where 1 = Read, 2
= Write). Lines 140-320 read the cata-
log sectors searching for TEXT files.
Once the user selects a text file to
FORMULATE, the program dislays a
message "PLEASE WAIT" and begins
the main process of the program at line
number 450. Line 450 opens the chosen
file. Line 460 attempts to delete any
.FORMULAS version that may already
exist. If the delete function fails
because the file does not exist yet then
an error-code 6 will be produced ("FILE
NOT FOUND"). This condition will
be trapped by the ONERR GOTO 880
statement in line 440. Lines 880
through 990 form a general purpose
error-handling routine. Error codes 5
and 6 are normal for this program and
are handled by the error routine. For er-
ror code 6, processing picks back up at
line 470. Error code 5 signals an end to
the input file so the files are closed and
a "FUNCTION COMPLETE" message
is displayed.
Line 470 opens the .FORMULAS
version. Lines 480 through 870 form
the input/output loop where the
worksheet is read in, analyzed, and the
.FORMULAS file is written out. Lines
500 to 540 replace the normal Apple-
soft INPUT statement. This is used to
avoid the all too familiar "EXTRA IG-
NORED" problem.
Lines 560 through 750 form a loop,
which is used to parse the input record
one byte at a time. This loop is an ex-
ample of finite state automation. It is
used here to analyze the worksheet file
in order to recognize which records are
labels, commands, formulas, and input
files that are not worksheet files at all
(see line 790).
Lines 760 through 790 check to see
in which node (state) the program
emerges from the loop. If it emerges in
node 6, then the input record was a
value (not a computed value or for-
mula). Since FORMULATE strips these
from the .FORMULAS version, the pro-
gram continues to read the next input
record without writing anything to the
.FORMULAS file.
Line 770 checks for a node 10 or 4,
which means that the input record was
a label. Since these are written as is,
processing continues at the output line
number 850. Line 780 checks for a node
8, which means the input record was
the VisiCalc Global Column width
command (/GC). Since FORMULATE
outputs one of these records to the
.FORMULAS version at the end of pro-
cessing (see line 920) to set the col-
umns to the width of the widest for-
mula -I- 1, this record is skipped by
jumping to line 480 to get the next in-
put record.
Line 790 checks for a node < - > 1 1,
which indicates that the file is not a Visi-
Calc worksheet; a proper message is dis-
played and processing is discontinued.
Lines 800 through 840 handle node
= 9 (the input record is a formula).
These lines simply split the formula in-
to two pieces and place a quote (CHR$
(34)) into the proper position to make
the formula a label. Lines 850 through
870 write the record out and jump back
to 480 to get the next input record.
(Listing begins on page 14)
12
MICRO
No. 59- April 1983
^•Mfet^^^T^rl^J.^VIir.
FOR COMPLETE GRAPHICS:
UersaLUriter
EDUCATION
ARTIST
GAME PROGRAMMER
HOBBIEST
Teachers, artists, engineers
programmers & hobbiests
find VersaWriter an
easy to use tool for !
creating micro
computer graphics.
No programming
experience is required
Pictures can be made
by simply tracing. Even
children can explore the
exciting world of
computer graphics. The
VersaWriter is as limitless
as your imagination.
ENGINEERING
'ISP*^'
CHILDREN
VersaWriter contains
complete software for
drawing with color,
brushes & dots. Add
text or fill in over
1 00 colors.
Create your own
shapes and place
anywhere on the
screen. Use
Area/Distance,
Move Picture,
Electronic Drawing
& Skeleton programs plus much
more Complete hardware/software
system for Apple ll/ll+/lle
- $299.00
V compuuinc. inc.
Versa Computing Products are available
at your local computer products store.
Distributed by:
VersaWriter is also available vi/ith
software designed for Atari & IBM PC.
Computerland Corp.
Hayward, Calif.
Softsel Computer Products
Inglewood, Calif.
Pete & Ram Computers
Lancashire, England
Micron Distributing
Toronto, Canada
Program Spektrum
Bromma, Sweden
Micro Products Sales Group
Lynn, Mass.
3541 Old Conejo Road, Suite 104 • Newbury Park, CA 91320 • (805)498-1966
Educational Media
Washington, Penn.
ESD Laboratories
Tokyo, Japan
Blue Ridge Computers
Capetown, South Africa
Circle No. 56
No, 59- April 1983
MICRO
13
Apple Slices Listing
1 BF = 327AA:Qi?% = 1
5 HM = PEEK (115) + PEEK (116) »
256: REM SAVE HIMEM
10 HIMEM: BF - 1:HI = 8: REM SET
HIMEM AND LONGEST FORMULA
20 DIM FL$(105): REM TEXT FILE N
AME ARRAY
Ji GOSUB 1090: REM ESTABLISH ONE
RR FIX
40 REM «**«**«******«******«****
50 REM »» FTi.FL* AND FS* ARE »»
60 REM »» OFFSETS INTO THE »»
70 REM »» CATALOG BUFFER »»
80 REM *************************
90 FT* = 13: REM FILE TYPE OFFSET
100 FL* = 14: REM FILE NAME OFFSET
110 FS* = 11: REM FILE STATUS OFFSET
120 TRKi = 17:SEC!{ = 0: GOSUB 121
0: GOSUB 1300: REM INIT SECT
OR R/W ROUTINE AND READ VTOC
130 HOME : HTAB 5: VTAB 5: PRINT
"PLEASE WAIT - READING CATAL
OG ";
140 FOR J = 1 TO 15: REM NUMBER
OF CATALOG SECTORS
150 TRK* = PEEK (BF + 1):SEC!{ =
PEEK (BF + 2): GOSUB 1300: REM
READ CATALOG SECTOR INTO BUFFER
160 FOR K = BF TO BF + 210 STEP
35: REM 7 FILE DESCRIPTORS;
35 BYTES EACH
170 FS = PEEK (K + FS*): REM SEf
FILE STATUS CODE
180 IF FS = THEN J = 15:K = BF
+ 210: GOTO 310: REM END LOOP
190 IF FS = 255 GOTO 310: REM SK
IP DELETED FILE
200 FT = PEEK (K + FT*)
210 IF NOT (FT = OR FT = 128)
GOTO 310: REM SKIP NON-TEXT
FILES
220 NF = NF + 1: REM COUNT OF TE
XT FILES
230 FL$ = ""-.5?% ' 0: REM INITIA
LIZE FILE NAME AND TRAILING
SPACES COUNT
240 FOR L = K + FL* TO K + FL* + 29
250 NW$ = CHR$ ( PEEK (L))
260 IF NW$ = CHR? (160) THEN SP
« = SP* + 1: GOTO 280
270 S?% = 0: HEM RESET TRAILING S
PACES COUNT
280 FL$ = FL$ + NW»: REM ADD NEW
CHARACTER TO NAME
290 NEXT : REM L
300 FL?(NF) = LEFT* (FL$,30 - SP
«): REM DROP TRAILING SPACE
S AND SAVE IN FILE NAME ARRAY
310 NEXT : REM K
320 NEXT : REM J
330 IF NF = THEN HOME : PRINT
"THERE ARE NO TEXT FILES ON
VOLUME ";: HIMEM: HM: END
340 FOR J = 1 TO NF
350 HOME : HTAB 5: VTAB 5: PRINT
"IS ";FL$(J);" THE FILE"
360 HTAB 5: VTAB 7: PRINT "YOU D
ESIRE ? ENTER Y(ES) OR N(0)
" ; : GET A$
370 IF A? = "Y" THEN FL? = FL»(J
):J = NF: GOTO 390
380 IF A» <> "N" GOTO 340
390 NEXT : REM J
400 IF A? <> "Y" THEN HOME : HTAB
5: VTAB 5: PRINT "NO MORE TE
XT FILES ON VOLUME": HIMEM:
HM: END
410 CD$ = CHRJ (4)
420 HTAB 5: VTAB 9: PRINT "PLEAS
E WAIT "
430 POKE 34,10: REM SET TOP OF T
EXT WINDOW
440 ONERR GOTO 880
450 PRINT CD$"OPEN ";FL$
460 PRINT CD»"DELETE ";FL»j".FOR
MULAS"
470 PRINT CD»"OPEN ";FL»; ".FORMULAS"
480 PRINT CD»: PRINT CD»"READ ";FL*
490 D» = ""
500 FOR J = 1 TO 200
510 GET k%
520 IF A» = CHRJ (13) THEN LN =
J - 1:J = 200: GOTO 540
530 D» = D» + A»
540 NEXT
550 NODE = 1
560 FOR J = 1 TO LN
570 MD» = MID* (D»,J,1)
580 IF MD» ^ ">" AND NODE = 1 THEN
NODE = 2: GOTO 750
590 IF NODE = 1 AND MD» = "/" THEN
NODE = 5: GOTO 750
600 IF NODE = 1 THEN NODE = 11:J
= LN: GOTO 750
610 IF NODE = 2 AND MD» = " : " THEN
K = J:NODE = 3: OOTO 750
620 IF NODE = 2 GOTO 750
630 IF NODE = 3 AND MD* = CHRJ
(34) THEN J = LNrNODE = 10: GOTO 750
640 IF NODE = 3 AND MD? = "/" THEN
NODE = 4: GOTO 750
650 IF NODE = 3 THEN NODE = 6: GOTO 750
660 IF NODE = 4 AND MD$ = "F" THEN
NODE = 6:J .= J + 1:K > J: GOTO 750
670 IF NODE - 4 THEN J = LN:NODE
= 10: GOTO 750
680 IF NODE = 5 AND HD» = "G" THEN
NODE = 7: GOTO 750
690 IF NODE = 5 THEN J = LN:NODE
= 10: GOTO 750
700 IF NODE = 6 AND HD» > "«" AND
MD» < CHR» (91) THEN J = LN
:NODE = 9: GOTO 750
710 IF NODE = 6 AND MD» = CHR$
(34) THEN J = LN:NODE = 10: GOTO 750
720 IF NODE = 6 GOTO 750
730 IF NODE = 7 AND MD$ = "C" THEN
NODE = 8:J = LN: GOTO 750
740 IF NODE = 7 THEN J = LN:NODE = 10
750 NEXT : REM J
760 IF NODE = 6 THEN GOTO 480: REM
SKIP RECORD
770 IF NODE = 10 OR NODE = 4 THEN
GOTO 850: REM WRITE AS IS
780 IF NODE = 8 THEN GOTO 480: REM
SKIP "/GC" - PROGRAM PRODUC
ES ITS' OWN
790 IF NODE = 11 THEN POKE 3^,0
: PRINT CD»: HOME : PRINT "T
HIS DOES NOT APPEAR TO BE A
WORKSHEET";: PRINT CD»: PRINT
CD»"CLOSE": PRINT CD»"DELETE
";FL$;". FORMULAS": HIMEM: H
M: END
800 REM NODE = 9 PASSES HERE
810 L = LN - K
820 IF L > HI THEN HI = L: REM
SAVE LENGTH OF LONGEST FORMUU
830 LT» = LEFT* (D»,K):RT» = RIGHT*
(D»,L)
840 D» = LT» + CHR$ (34) + RT»
850 PRINT CD»: PRINT CD* ; "WRITE"
;FL$;". FORMULAS"
860 PRINT D»
870 GOTO 480
880 CALL 768: REM ONERR FIX
890 ER = PEEK (222) : REM SET ERR
OR CODE
900 IF ER = 6 THEN PRINT CD»: GOTO
470: REM NO FORMULAS FILE TO
DELETE (CONTINUE)
910 POKE 34,0: REM RESET TEXT WI
NDOW
920 IF ER = 5 THEN PRINT CD»: PRINT
CD$"WRITE ";F1$;". FORMULAS":
PRINT "/GC"; STR» (HI + 1):
PRINT CD»: GOTO 1000
930 IF ER = 4 THEN PRINT "WRITE
PROTECTED": GOTO 1040
950 IF ER = 10 THEN PRINT "FILE
LOCKED": GOTO 1040
960 HOME : PRINT " ERROR CODE =
";ER
970 PRINT "IN LINE NUMBER "; PEEK
(218) + PEEK (219) » 256
980 IF ER > 15 OR ER = THEN PRINT
"SEE PAGE 81 OF THE APPLESOF
T": PRINT "BASIC PROGRAMMING
REFERENCE MANUAL": GOTO 1040
990 PRINT "SEE PAGES 114 - 115
F THE DOS MANUAL": GOTO 1040
1000 HOME : HTAB 5: VTAB 5
1010 PRINT "FUNCTION COMPLETED"
1020 HTAB 5: VTAB 7: PRINT "FILE
";FL»; ".FORMULAS"
1030 HTAB 5: VTAB 9: PRINT "IS N
OW SAVED ON DISK"
1040 POKE 216,0: REM TURN OFF
ONERR GOTO INCASE OF TROUBLE
W/CLOSE (AVOIDS POSSIBLE LO
OP)
1050 PRINT CD»: PRINT CD»"CLOSE"
1060 HIMEM: HM: END : REM RESET
HIMEM AND END
1^70 REM
1080 REM »»»»» ONERR FIX »»»»»
1090 FOR J = 768 TO 777: READ K:
POKE J,K: NEXT : RETURN
1100 DATA 104,168,104,166,223,1
54,72,152,72,96
1110 REM »«««»«»«»»»««««»«««««
1150 REM »» READ TRACK-SECTOR »»
1160 REM »» SUBROUTINE »»
1170 REM »»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»
1180 REM SEC!{=SECTOR TO READ
1190 REM BF =BUFFER ADDRESS
1200 REM TRK!{=TRACK TO READ
1210 FOR J = 33000 TO 33014
1220 READ li: POKE Z ,1%
1230 NEXT
1235 CALL 33000: REM LOCATE THE lOB
1240 BH» = INT (BF / 256)
1242 BL» = INT ((BF / 256 - INT
(BF / 256)) » 256 + .05) » SGN
(BF / 256)
1244 PTR = PEEK (0) + PEEK (1) » 256
1250 POKE PTR + 8,BL!{: POKE PTR +
9,BHJ: REM SET BUFFER ADDRESS
1260 RETURN
1270 REM **#***»***#****#*#***
1280 REM » PTR=BEGIN. OF lOB »
1290 REM «««««««««««««««««««««
1300 POKE PTR + 4,TRK!{
1310 POKE PTR + 5, SEC*
1350 POKE PTR + 12, OP*: REM OPER
ATION 1 = HEAD 2 = WRITE
1360 POKE PTR + 3,0: REM WILDCARD VOL
1370 CALL 33008: REM CALL LOCIOB+RWTS
1380 POKE 72,0: REM RESET PREG
1390 RETURN
1400 REM ««««««««*««««««««««
1430 DATA 32,227,03,132,00,133,01,96
1440 DATA 32,227,03,32,217,03,96
1450 REM »»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»
1460 REM » 1ST DATA STMENT »
1470 REM » MACH. LANG. TO »
1480 REM » LOCATE THE lOB »
1490 REM » 2ND DATA STMENT »
1500 REM » LOCATE THE lOB »
1510 REM » AND CALL RWTS »
1520 REM »»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»»
>H10:«SUM(B10...G10)
>G10:+G8-G9
>F10:+F8-P9
>E10:+E8-E9
>D10:+D8-D9
>C10:+C8-C9
>B10:+B8-B9
>A10:"NBT
>H9:gSUM(B9...G9)
>A9: "TAXES
>H8:«SUM(B8..
.G8)
>G8:-K36-G7
>F8:+F6-F7
>E8:+E6-E7
>D8:+D6-D7
>C8:+C6-C7
>B8:+B6-B7
>A8: "GROSS
>H7:«SUM(B7..
.G7)
>A7: "EXPENSES
>H6:«SUM(B6..
.G6)
>G6:«SUM(G2..
.G5)
>F6:gSUM(F2..
.F5)
>E6:gSUM(E2..
.E5)
>D6:gSUM(D2..
.D5)
>C6:gSUM(C2..
.C5)
>B6:gSUM(B2..
.B5)
>A6:"TTL SALES
>H5:gSUM(B5..
.G5)
>A5:"MISC
>H4:gSUM(B4..
.G4)
>A4: "LABOR
>H3:esUM(B3..
.03)
> A3: "TIRES
>H2:gSUM(B2..
.G2)
>A2: "BIKES
> HI: "GRAND TTL
>G1:"JTJNE
>F1:"MAY
> El: "APRIL
>D1:"MAH
>C1:"FEB
>B1:"JAN
>H10:"«SUM(B10...G10)
>G10;"+G8-O9
>F10:"+F8-F9
>E10:"+E8-E9
>D10;"+D8-D9
>C10:"+C8-C9
>B10:"+B8-B9
>A10:"NET
>H9:"«SUM(B9.
..G9)
>A9: "TAXES
>H8:"«SUM(B8.
..G8)
>G8:"-K36-G7
>F8:"+F6-F7
>E8:"+E6-E7
>D8:"+D6-D7
>C8:"+C6-C7
>B8:"+B6rB7
>A8: "GROSS
>H7:"gSUM(B7.
.G7)
>A7: "EXPENSES
>H6:"«SUM(B6.
.06)
>G6:"gSUM(G2.
.G5)
>F6:"gSUM(F2.
.F5)
>E6:"«SUM(E2.
.E5)
>D6:"gSUM(D2.
■ D5)
>C6:"«SUM(C2.
.C5)
>B6:"gSUM(B2.
.B5)
>A6:"TTL SALES
>H5:"«SUM(B5.
.G5)
>A5:"MISC
>H4:"«SUM(B4.
.04)
>a4:" LABOR
>H3:"gSUM(B3.
.03)
>A3: "TIRES
>H2:"gSUM(B2.
.02)
>A2: "BIKES
> HI: "GRAND TTL
>G1:"JUNE
>F1:"MAY
> El: "APRIL
>D1:"MAH
>C1:"FEB
>B1:"JAN
/GC16
iMCRO-
14
MICRO
No. 59 -April 1983
^
ELECTRONICS, INC.
COPYRIGHT © 1981 - PATENTS PENDING
566 Irelan, Buellton, CA 93427
(805)688-2047
8:00 TO 5:00 CALIFORNIA TIME
SUPER FAN II
FOR YOUR APPLE II * COMPUTER
COMPUTER PRODUCTS
DESIGNING • MANUFACTURING
ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING
TM
One Year Warranfy
$74.95
With Zcncr Ray™
Protection $109.00
MASTERCARD - VISA
"COOL IT"
TWO EXTRA
120 VOLT OUTLETS
ALSO FITS ON APPLE'S* NEW MONITOR STAND
RED PILOT LIGHT ON/OFF SYSTEM SWITCH
CUPS ON — NO HOLES OR SCREWS • REPLACEABLE SWITCH
AVAILABLE IN 120V or 240V AND 50/60 HZ • DURABLE MOTOR
REDUCES HEAT CAUSED BY EXTRA PLUG-IN CARDS
SOLD WORLD WIDE • UNIQUE 1 YEAR WARRANTY
TAN OR BLACK COLOR • QUIETEST FAN ON THE MARKET
INCREASED RELIABILITY - SAVES DOWN TIME AND REPAIR CHARGES
LOW NOISE DUE TO DRAWING EFFECT OF AIR THROUGH YOUR COMPUTER AND SPECIAL FAN AND MOTOR DESIGN
TWO EXTRA 120V OUTLETS FOR MONITOR AND ACCESSORIES TURN ON WHEN YOU TURN ON YOUR FAN
(NOT AVAILABLE ON 240V MODEL)
SUPER FAN II™ WITH ZENER RAY OPTION $109.00
ZENER RAV^ TRANSIENT VOLTAGE SUPPRESSOR
OUR BUILT IN ADVANCED DESIGN UNIT GIVES
DRAMATIC COST SAVINGS — STOPS ANNOYING DOWN TIME
INSURANCE FROM VOLTAGE SPIKES - GLITCHES
DANGEROUS VOLTAGE SPIKES CAN JEOPARDIZE YOUR COMPUTER SYSTEMS
PROTECT COMPUTER ■ DISK DRIVE - PRINTER AND MONITOR
NO CUTTING WIRES • WONT VOID WARRANTY, JUST PLUG IN SUPERFAN 11 WITH ZENER RAY
OTHER PRODUCTS BY %Alectronics. inc.
SUPER RAM II™16K RAM CARD FOR YOUR APPLE II. 2 YEAR WARRANTY $125
GUARDIAN ANGEL™AN uninterruptable power source $595
12 VOLT TRANSVERTER 12 volt - runs your apple ii computer and
AND 5 V4 " DRIVE FROM YOUR CIGARETTE LIGHTER $149
•Registered trademarks of Apple Computer Inc. nPALER INOUIRIES INVITED
circle No. 13
No. 59 -April 1983
MICRO
15
v^Full Screen Editing
v' Copy-Move sentences, paragraphs
v^lnsert-Deiete letters, sentences
v^Form letters-User defined data
>/ Shorthand-words, phrases
v^Centering-Justitication-Tabs
v^Headers-Footers-set page size
v^Automatic Page Numbering
v^Double columns-set margin, line size
v' Printer graphics-send hex codes
v^Set up to support most printers
v^Disit file concatenation
v^Program update support provided
THE NEXT LOGICAL
STEP IN THE
EVOLUTION of
WORD PROCESSING
COPY-WRITER
Copy-Writer is a full featured professional quality
word processor. It offers all the capabilities required
for high performance and efficiency. In addition,
advanced features such as double columns, multipte
disk files, printer hex control, etc. Copy-Writer is
written in FORTH, a unique language that runs
nearly as fast as machine code but actually occupies
less memory. This allows more room in memory for
lines of text. More than otherwise possible.
Copy-Writer updates will be distributed on request
to all registered users for just the update cost. Even
when a more powerful version is Introduced!
AVAILABLE FOR 40XX/8032/C64
oniy $1 45.00
SEE YOUR DEALER OR:
C,^P.O Box t02
MICPOTEC H j Langhorne, Pa. 19047
215-757-0284
DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED
Commodore
Gets Smart
"Having a modem and a good terminal
software package like this can really open
up a new world of applications for your
Commodore system." — Robert W. Baker
- t^lCROCOt^PUTING
v^ record to disk/transmit from disk
v^ output to Commodore/ASCII printer
</ XON/XOFF control capability
</ translates files ASCII/BASIC/W-PRO
^ system status line-clock with alarm
v' user table allows encoded data
v^ user access to routines-telemetry
The most sophisticated terminal package
available. Gives you all the features need-
ed now and for the future. Available -
Commodore 40XX, 8032 with 4040, 8050,
PEDISK II
Available from cgrs MICROTECH,
P.O. Box 102, Langhorne, PA 19047
215-757-0284
$1 29.00 DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED
COM PACK
ilMCRO
PET Vet
Loren Wright
New Commodoie-oiiented Books
Without much fanfare the new edition
of the PET/CBM Personal Computer
Guide has anived from Osborne/
McGraw-Hill. The new edition, by
Adam Osborne, Jim Strasma, and Ellen
Strasma, has been published in two ver-
sions, called PET Personal Computer
Guide and CBM Professional Com-
puter Guide. The emphasis in the PET
Guide is on the PET series of com-
puters, the 4022 printer, and the 4040
Guide is on the PET series of com-
puters, the 4022 printer, and the 4040
and 2031 disk drives. The CBM Guide
concentrates on the 8032 and the
2001-B, with some mention of the
SuperPET and the 8096. Peripherals
covered include the 8050 and 8250 disk
drives, and the 8024, 8023P, and 8300P
printers. Both versions cover the 8010
modem and the 4010 voice synthesizer.
Listings in the PET Guide are
presented in upper case/graphics,
while the CBM Guide uses mixed case
for its listings. More detail is given in
the PET Guide on graphics program-
ming, while the CBM pays more atten-
tion to numerical calculations and data
formatting.
In general, the two books are very
similar. They both have the same
overall organization, and most of the
material is duplicated. Much attention
has been paid to updating, correcting,
and clarifying material that appeared in
the previous edition. One area in par-
ticular that received a lot of attention is
the section on the CBM relative record
system. The second edition of the PET/
CBM Guide covered this topic very
poorly, including errors and misleading
information.
There is also much new material in
the new book, including expanded
memory maps and detailed information
on fixes and upgrades for the various
operating systems. In addition to the
new material, more program examples
are included. Author Jim Strasma
offers, at an extra cost, a 'Help' disk,
which includes longer demonstration
and utility programs. |It also includes
"Bennett's Mail List," the subject of
Strasma' s six-part series in MICRO.)
The two books can serve both as
tutorial texts for newcomers and as
valuable references for more experi-
enced programmers. I did notice a large
number of typographical errors. The
Strasmas have published errata lists in
The Midaite Paper, and the next print-
ing of the guides will correct them.
With no comprehensive guide available
yet for the Commodore 64, the PET
Guide should do very well as a stand-
in, since the C64's BASIC is the same
as PET BASIC 2. It is too bad that Com-
modore no longer includes a com-
prehensive guide with its computers.
This is one that every PET or CBM user
should have.
Although it is published in the US
by COMPUTE!, Programming the
PET/CBM by Raeto Collin West
deserves mention here. It is probably
the most comprehensive and detailed
description of the PET/CBM operating
system available. Particular attention
is given to how the system works on a
machine-language level. Every BASIC
command is explained in detail, with
examples. Programs are provided to add
extensions, such as TRACE and PRINT
USING. There is also an extensive,
well explained list of ROM routines.
This book is not for the newcomer to
programming, but I have found it an
essential reference — a good companion
to one of the Osborne/ McGraw-Hill
books.
New Commodoie 64 Software
C64 software is beginning to arrive
so fast that I can't keep up with it. In
my June column, I plan to cover word
processors, including Script 64 (Rich-
vale Telecommunications, 10610 Bay-
view Av., Richmond Hill, Ontario L4C
3N8, Canada), WordPro 3 (Professional
Software, 51 Fremont St., Needham,
MA 02194), and Paper Clip (Batteries
Included, 71 McCaul St., Toronto, On-
tario M5T 2X1, Canada).
Also received was a C64 version of
KMMM Pascal. Author Willi Kusche
(Continued on page 18)
Circle No. 45
16
MICRO
No. 59 -April 1983
Qcommodore
NEW COMMODORE PRODUCTS
CBM P500 $ 695
CBM B500 695
CBM B700 2990
CBM 1520 Plotter 259
CBM 1701 Color Monitor 279
SOFTWARE FOR CBM 84 Z.
Word Processing (WordPro 3*) $ 69
Wofd-Pac (tape) 60
Ttie Assistant Series
Wittei'sAssistant(e<]5yandflexible). .. 99
FileAssistant(datat)asewitti merge). . . 99
Spreadstwet Assistant 99
Pens. Finance Asslst.(great reports) ... 45
Busicaic (Spreadstieet) 62
Coco II (build your own games easily) ... 45
Home Accounting Package 39
General Ledger, A/R, A/P
(wilt) check writing) ea.l75
CBM EasyFinance 50
CBM EasyScript 80
CBM EasyFiie 80
Dota Manager 70
Stock(investment analysis) 80
Pet Emulator (emulates 4.0 basic) 30
Sprite-Magk: (use joystick
to design sprites) 19
Assembler Package (cassette or disk,
compiled includes editor, loader,
disassembieO 39
Spacebelt 20
Retroball 34
INTERFACES & ACCESSORIES
80 Column Exponder $159
VIC 1600 Modem 95
VIC 1650 (Quto answer, auto diaO 150
VIC 1525 Graphic Printer 329
VIC 1 530 Dotaselte Recorder 65
VIC 1541 Disk Drive 329
VIC Switch (connect 8 64's or Vies
to printer, dd) 1 49
IEEE interface (64) 85
PET-IEEE coble 33
IEEE-IEEE coble (2m) 39
Parallel Interlace (Epson, Okidata
IDS, NEC) 80
RS-232 Printer Interface (Okidata
Diablo, etc.) 60
Programmers Reference Guide 18
Verbatim Diskettes (10 per box) 26
Victree (Programmers Utility) 75
VIC PRODUCTS & ACCESSORIES
8K RAM Memory Expansion Cartridge ... $ 40
16K RAM 70
24KRAM 105
VIC IEEE Interlace 75
VIC 3 Slot Expander 27
VIC 6 Slot Expander 70
RS-232 Printer interlace 65
Cosselte Interface 27
Home Finance Package (6 topes) 47
Gorf(64also) 30
Omega Race 30
Arcade Joystick - Heavy duty w/2 tiring
buttons! Great for the VIC or 64 25
MONITORS -GREAT
RESOLUTION (04 OR VIC)
Amdek Color I S 319
Amdek 11 or ill call
Panasonic CT160 295
Comrex 6500 - 13" Color 299
Transtor 20 (High Resolution
Green Phosphor) 129
Video/ Audio Cable 15
PRINTERS - LETTER QUALITY
CBM 8300, 40 Cps $1450
Diablo 620, 25 cps 995
ComRiter, 17 cps 899
Transtor 130, 16 cps (auto iood,
vKp features!) 769
NEC 7700 series 2350
NEC 3500 series 1600
PRINTERS - DOT MATRIX
CBM 8023, 150 cps/ graphics 589
Epson FX Printer, 160 cps 529
Okidata 82/^ 1 20 cps (serial
and porolleO 429
NEC 8023A (poraileO 469
Okidata 92 558
Star Gemini, 10 429
Star Gemini, 15 529
COMMODORE BUSINESS
SERIES
SuperPet (5 languages,
2 processors) $1 409
CBM 8032 Computer, 80 Column . . . 1029
CBM Memory Expansion, 64K 359
CBM 8050, 1 mg. Dual Drive 1 259
CBM 8250, 2 mg. Dual Drive 1500
CBM D9060, 5 mg. Hard Disk 2240
CBM D9090, 7.5 mg Hard Disk ... . 2600
CBM 2031, 170K Single Drive (New) 489
DC Hayes Smart Modem 220
BUSINESS SOFTWARE
WordPro 4* or 5* $ 309
Administrator 489
VisiCalc (expanded) 199
The Manager (database) 1 99
BPi A/R, G/L Job Cost, Inventory,
Payroll ea.325
MasterCard, Visa,
Money Order, Bank Check
COD (odd $5) accepted.
Add 3% surcharge for credit cords.
In stock items shipped within 48 hours,
F.O.B, Dalks, Texas
Ail products shipped with manufacturer's
warranty.
Prices are subject to change without notice.
TO ORDER
CALL TOLL FREE
800-527-4893
800-442-1048
(Within Texas)
Business Hours
Mon.- Ff i. 8 to 6, Sot. 10-2
Write for tree catalog.
SJB DISTRIBUTORS INC.
10520 Piano Rood, Suite 206
Dallas, Texas 75238
(214)343-1328
Circle No. 10
No. 59 - April 1983
MICRO
17
circle No. 14
ssssssssssssssssssssssssss
"■-CQiUPU 5Ef\i5Ei:.''
QUICK BROWN FOX $60.95
The #1 word processor!
GENERAL LEDGER $19.95
(VIC-201
CHECK MINDER
vic-20 $19.95 c-64 $24.95
HOME INVENTORY $19.95
(VIC-20)
CENTIPOD $27.95
Like Centiped, only better!
FROGEE $27.95
The exciting arcade game of Frogger.
MOTOR MOUSE $29.95
Wtiat a cheese'ee game!
CRIBBAGE
VIC-20 $1 4.95 c-64 $1 7.95
This is the game of Cribbage.
STAR TREK
VIC-20 $1 2.95 c-64 $1 7.95
Excellent adventure game!
MASTER MIND
VIC-20 $1 2.95 c-64 $1 9.95
Makes you think.
ROACH MOTEL $9.95
Kill the bugs!
YAHTZEE1.1 $12.95
YAHTZEE 2.1 $14.95
TO ORDER:
P. O, BOX 18765
WICHITA. KS 67218
(316) 263-1095
Personal checks accepted
weeks) or
(Add J2.00)
Handling charges $2.00
C64 FORTH
for the
Commodore 64
Fig.-Forth implementation
including:
• Full feature screen editor and
assembler
• Forth 79 Standard Commands
with extensions
• High resolution 320x200 pixel,
16 color graphics
• Sprite graphics for control of
32 sprites
• Three voice tone and music
synthesizer
• Detailed manual with ex-
amples and BASiC-FORTH
conversions
• Trace feature for Debugging
$99.95 — Disk Version
(Specify CBM 1540orCBM 1541 Disk)
$99.95 — Cassette Version
(CBM & Commodore 64 are
Trademarks of Commodore)
PERFORMANCE MICRO PRODUCTS
770 Dedham Street
Canton, MA 02021
(617)828-1209
PET VET (continued)
has modified the program so that it
dispenses with the BASIC ROMs,
thereby making lOK extra available for
programs. In addition, enois have been
corrected, restrictions removed, and
new string handling functions added.
The programs operate with the C64's
serial bus or with the CIE IEEE-488 in-
terface (but apparently not completely
with the C64-Link cartridge) . As far as I
know, it is the only Pascal available
that can generate executable machine
code. KMMM Pascal is available from
AB Computers (252 Bethlehem Pike,
Colmar, PA 18915) for $85.
Support for the Commodore 64
Commodore seems to be doing
better at supporting the C64 than it has
with previous machines. The Program-
mer's Reference Guide (described in
my December column) arrived at
dealers at the end of December. Many
of the programs I mentioned then, in-
cluding the sprite editor, character
editor, and simple PET emulator, have
been placed in the public domain by
Commodore, so you should be able to
obtain them from a dealer or users'
group.
Commodore's New Machines
As you may remember from a few
months back, Commodore announced
three new computers. These were the
P, B, and BX series. It seems now that
the P is the only one of these we're like-
ly to see very soon. It is now called the
Commodore 128, and I assume it will
have the same 128K, expanded
keyboard, and color-and-sound features
originally announced. At the Con-
sumer Electronics Show in January,
Commodore was saying it would ap-
pear in 90 to 120 days.
Commodore showed off some other
new products at that show in Las
Vegas, but their arrival dates are even
less certain. One product was a por-
table 64K machine, compatible with
the Commodore 64. This '64 Series'
computer will be available in three con-
figurations: 1) with built-in single disk
drive and built-in black-and-white
monitor, 2| with single dirve and color
monitor, and 3) with dual drive and
color monitor.
Commodore will soon be selling its
own high-resolution color monitor,
designed especially for the Commodore
64 and VIC-20, for $299. Other pro-
ducts shown in prototype versions were
a hand-held computer, a piano
keyboard for the C64, a voice synthe-
sizer cartridge with interchangeable
'voices' and vocabularies, and a touch-
screen panel.
Look for my article in next month's
"New Wave of Computers" where I
will cover the technical details of the
Commodore 64, the Commodore 128,
and, I hope, the 64 series portable
computers.
TPUG Conference-May 14-15
The Toronto PET User Group
(TPUG) is holding a large conference at
the Castle Loma campus of George
Brown College in Toronto the weekend
of May 14-15. 1 have accepted an invita-
tion to join Jim Butterfield, Steve
Punter, Jim Strasma, and a number of
other PET experts as a speaker. The
presentations will cover a wide variety
of topics and experience levels. In addi-
tion to the presentations, there will be
a major copy session of the TPUG
library, which now exceeds 100 disks.
Finally, there will be commercial
displays, including those from all the
stores in the local Toronto area. For
more information, write TPUG, c/o
Chris Bennett, 381 Lawrence Avenue
W., Toronto, Ontario M5M 1B9,
Canada.
Lincoln College Summer
Computer Seminar
Lincoln College in Lincoln, IL is
running a week-long seminar June
19-26. Faculty will include Jim and
Ellen Strasma, Jim Butterfield, Len
Lindsay, Keith Peterson, and a number
of other experts on Commodore equip-
ment. The cost, including room, board,
and tuition, is $350. If you don't have a
Commodore computer you can bring, a
limited number of rentals will be
available for an additional fee. You will
also be able to purchase a VIC for use in
the seminar. For more information,
write Jim Strasma at 1280 Richland
Avenue, Lincoln, IL 62656.
JMcao
circle No. 24
18
MICRO
No. 59 -April 1983
Li;co Computer Marketing & Consultants
TO ORDER
CALL US
TOLL FREE 800-233-8760
In PA 1-717-398-4079
DUST COVER
with Purchase of
ATARI 800 48K .... $489.00
ATARI 400 64K . . . .$349.00
81 DISK DRIVE $41 9 .00
ATAR1 1 200 64K RAM. . .$CALL $
ATARI HARDW
810 DISK DRIVE
ARE
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410 RECORDER
1010 RECORDER
...$75 00
850 INTERFACE
..$164.00
..$119.00
$54 00
PACKAGES
CX482 EDUCATOR
CX 483 PROGRAMMER
CX488 COMMUNICATOR . . .
CX419 BOOKEEPER
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:s
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KX7104 ENTERTAINER
NEW RELEASE
400 KEYBOARD
MINER 2049er
..$32.75
FROGGER
$25 75
PREPPIE
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SEA DRAGON
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STRATOS
DISKY
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MONKEY WRENCH 2
s.";? 7.";
1
MONITORS
NEC JB1 260 $1 25.00
NEC JB1 201 $1 55.00
NEC TCI 201 $315.00
AMDEK30OG $159.00
AMDEK COLOR I $329.00
MODEMS
ANCHOR MARK 1 ... .
$79.00
ANCHOR MARK II
$79.00
HAYES SMART
$239.00
HAYES MICRO II
$309.00
CAT
$144.00
J-CAT
$ CALLS
PERCOM DISK DRIVES
SI NGLE DRIVE AT88 $389.00
ADD ON $289.00
SINGLE DRIVE 40S1 $529.00
ADD ON $329.00
DUAL DRIVE 40S2 $845.00
DUAL HEAD SINGLE DRIVE 44S1 ...$649.00
DUAL HEAD DUAL DRIVE 44S2 .... $789.00
SAVE -PRINTERS
IpROWRITER $375,001
NEC 8023A $439.00
SMITH C0R0NATP1 ...$569.00
STARWRITER $1 475.00
PRINTMASTER $1675.00
PRINTER CABLES
for Atari
CITOH $35.00
EPSON $35.00
NEC $35.00
OKIDATA $35.00
SMITH CORONA $35.00
OKIDATA82A $419.00
OKIDATA 83A $639.00
OKIDATA 84 $1 029.00
OKIDATA TRACTOR $63.00
POLICY
DURING APRIL
DISKETTES : In
BASF
Stock
$19 00
ELEPHANT
MAXELL MDI
...$21.00
$34 00
MAXELL MDII
X44 oo
BUSINESS SOI
VISICALC
LETTER PERFECT.
LETTER PERFECT
DATA PERFECT.. .
=TWAR
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$159.75
.$115.75
$159.75
$75 75
..ROM.
TEXT WIZZARD
$79 75
SPELL WIZZARD ..
FILE MANAGER 80(
ATARI WORDPRO.
$64 75
3^ ..
.$69 75
$109.75
In-Stock Items shipped within 24 hours of order. Personal
■ checks require four weeks clearance before shipping. No
I deposit for COD orders. PA residents add sales tax. All products
I subject to availability and price change. Advertised prices
I show 4% discount offered for cash. Add 4% for Mastercard and
ClrcleNo. 15|
ro ORDER
CALL TOLL FREE
800-233-8760
In PA 1-717 398-4079
or send order to
Lyco Computer
P O. Box 5088
Jersey Shore. PA 17740l
No. 59 - April 1983
JMCQO
From Here To Atari
Paul S. Swanson
Clearing Up the Rumors
Many rumors are circulating about new products from
Atari. I have seen the 1200 — it is not just a rumor. There
are also indications that another computer will be an-
nounced sometime this summer. But the rumors concern-
ing a 48K Atari 600 no longer look credible since Atari is
more likely to bring out a more advanced product; a com-
puter that is between the 400 and 800 is not a step forward.
Any statements not officially announced by Atari are prob-
ably inaccurate. I'll keep you up to date on significant of-
ficial announcements.
Missing the Right Cartridge Slot?
I have received a few letters from Atari 400 owners con-
cerned about the right cartridge slot on the Atari 800.
Since the Atari's newest computer, the 1200, has no right
cartridge slot, and there is very little existing software that
requires it, it is not likely that much future software will
require it.
Another popular topic in letters is assembly language
on the Atari. The Atari uses 6502 assembly language, the
same used by Apple, Commodore, and others, so general
6502 books will be useful. A few topics concerning assem-
bly language are specific to the Atari, so if your concerns
deal with them, write a letter to me describing the specific
application.
For example, one reader asked about creating a cassette
bootable program. If you hold down the START button
while you power up the computer, it will attempt to load
and run a program from tape. The program on tape must be
in machine language, which is where assemblers become
important. Cassettes are a little more difficult to deal with
than disks, primarily because there is no cassette oper-
ating system comparable to the disk operating time.
To create a cassette bootable program, you must under
stand what the computer does when it reads such a file. The
steps that the computer executes in reading the file are:
1. The first record loads into the cassette buffer and the
computer stores the first six bytes and saves them in
various places. The first byte is not used. The second
byte contains the number of records to load. Bytes 3 and
4 contain the address to start saving the program. The
last two bytes are the initialization address.
2. The first record (apparently including the first six bytes)
is moved from the cassette buffer into the indicated
start address, then the rest of the records are read and
placed in sequential memory locations following the
first record.
3. The computer JSRs to the address of the byte immedi-
ately following the first six bytes (starting address plus
six) . You can use this to load more records into memory
if you wish. Return by using an RTS command after
clearing the carry (if there was no error], or setting the
carry to indicate that there was an error during this
routine.
4. The computer next JSRs to your initialization address
(indirectly through bytes 5 and 6). In this routine, do
whatever initialization you want, then place your ac-
tual starting address in DOSVEC (at $000A). Use an-
other RTS to end this routine.
5. Finally, the computer JMPs indirectly through
DOSVEC to begin your application. At any time during
the execution of your application, SYSTEM RESET is
pressed and steps 4 and 5 are repeated.
There is a small bug in Atari's cassette boot routine. At
the end of the routine that starts at the start address plus
six (step 3), you must stop the cassette motor.
Back to Graphics
Last month I promised some information on using IR
modes 4 and 5, which are the character graphics modes
that will be available as OS modes 12 and 13 on the Atari
1200. You can, on the 400 and 800, use these two modes if
you define your own display list and a custom character
set. For hints on how to create a character set, refer to my
article in the October 1982 (53:87) issue of MICRO.
There is an important difference in forming each of the
characters. You must locate the set on a IK boundary the
same way I describe in the article. However, the formats
for each character will be interpreted differently for IR
modes 4 and 5. In these modes, the bytes in the set are in-
terpreted as bit pairs, which refer to color registers. Zero
refers to the background register, one refers to register
zero, two to register one, and three to either register two or
register three. In all, you can have up to five colors on the
screen with up to four in each character. The reference to
registers two or three depends on whether the character is
printed in normal or inverse video.
Both of these modes support 40-character lines. Mode
4 uses one scan line per line of format, so it is easily im-
plemented from an IR mode 2 (operating system mode 0)
screen, allowing you to access it as if it were a text screen.
Mode 5 uses two scan lines per line of format, making it
equivalent in resolution to an OS mode 7 map mode
screen. You can also modify a text screen for this one, too,
but you have only half of the characters available on a full
screen, so you must take this into account.
Mixing some IR mode 2 text lines with mode 5 is
relatively easy. If you alter the display list to make some of
the lines mode 5 and leave others in mode 2, you can
20
MICRO
No. 59- April 1983
PRINT to the screen as if it were the standard OS mode
screen using BASIC. The drawback is that the text lines
will use register 2 for the background color and the lumi-
nance of register 1 for the letters, so the screen will either
have stripes where the text lines go or, if you set register 2
to black, the graphics will have only four colors instead of
five, and only three can be used in each graphics character.
Some experimentation with these two modes will ex-
plain quite a bit about how they work. I have included a
listing at the end of this column that should get you
started.
Hardware
If you have a printer that works off the 850 interface, I
have one note that may interest you, particularly if you
write rather large programs. If the 850 is on when you start
up the Atari, some memory is set aside to handle device
R:. If you are not using the interface for anything except
the printer, you do not need this device, nor do you need to
have that extra memory subtracted from your program
area. If the 850 is turned on only after the computer is
turned on (i.e., the 850 is off when you turn the computer
on), this memory is not set aside and device R: will not be
available. Device P: is always enabled at power-up, so the
printer will be available any time you have both the 850
and the printer turned on.
Reference Books
In a recent column (56:19), I reviewed some reference
books that you may want next to your Atari to help with
your programming. Since then I learned that Educational
Software, Inc. (4565 Cherryvale Avenue, Soquel, CA
95073) publishes references for beginners or experts on the
Atari computers, as well as software that will help your
programming. Their Master Memory Map, for example, is
a good roadmap of the hardware and shadow registers in
the Atari.
A Closing Note on Character Graphics
When you are finished experimenting with modes 4
and 5, set up a standard text screen and POKE 64, 128, or
192 into location 623. This causes the character set to be
interpreted in four-bit groups, effectively implementing a
character graphics screen equivalent to OS modes 9, 10,
and 11. Note that these are the GTIA modes, so this won't
work on the older Atari computers that have CTIA chips
instead of the GTIA chips.
Send youi letters to Mr. Swanson at 97 Jackson Street,
Cambridge, MA 02140.
^^^
*A^
e^ SUPER SALE
Bulk Diskettes* with envelopes
•Now Get High Quality at a Low Price Manufactured by a Major Disc Company
For MDS Without Their Name on Disliettes. 'Minimum order 20 diskettes with
Tyvek envelope and storage shipping box. 'Quantity Discounts - 100 deduct 3%,
1000 deduct 5%, 10,000 deduct 10%. 100% Certified 1 Year Warranty.
5%" Soft Sectors
$1.69*
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SINGIE SIDE
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W/HUB RING
8 "Soft or 32 Sectors
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SINaE SIDE
SINGLE DENSITY
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DOUBLE DENSITY
DOUBLE SIDE
DOUBLE DENSITY
PRINTERS
All EPSONS available $call
GEMINI 10 by Star Micronlcs $399.00
GEMINI 15 by Star Micronlcs $349.00
Okldata Mlcrollne 80 $call
Okidata Microllne 82 $469.00
Okldata Mlcrollne 83A $call
Okldata Mlcrollne 84 $call
MICROBUFFER
MBP-16K Parallel $149.00
MICROBUFFER IN-LINE For Most Printers
32K Parallel $289.00
64K Parallel $339.00
32K Serial $289.00
64K Serial $339.00
64K Memory
Expansion Modules $169.00
SUPPLIES FAN FOLD PAPER (Prices F.O.B.S.P.l
AVERY TABULABLES 9-1/2 x 1 1 181b. White 3,000 ct. $29.95
5,000 3-1/2x15/16 $15.95 14-7/8 11 181b. White 3,000 ct. $39.95
• • THIS MONTH'S SPECIALS • •
Flip 'n' File & 1 box of Paragon Golds $49.95
Head cleaning kit & 1 box of Paragon Gold $34.95
TANDON DISK DRIVE ENCLOSURES
Complete with Chassis & Power Supply. Fully assembled silver or beige
chassis with external card edge connector for easy cable Installation for
5'/." drives. With MDS 120 days warranty $59.00
BARE DRIVES
TMlOO-l 40 Trk $199.00
TM 100-2 40/40 Trk $269.00
TMlOO-4 80/80 Trk $339.00
SIEMANS FDDlOO-8 SS/DD 8 m .... $279.00
TM50 SS/DD 40 Trk Thinline $199.00
TM848-1 SS/DD 8" 77 Trk Thinline . $369.00
TM84B-2 DD/DD 8" 77 Trk Thinline $479,00
Add $59.00 For Complete SVi" Drive System
HEAD CLEANING
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MSS
22295 EUCUD AVE.
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JMCnO DATA
SUPPLICS
Call (216) 481
circle No. 16
No. 59 - April 1983
MICRO
21
/f
32K CMOS STATIC RAM BOARD for SYM/AIM
Models MB-132/32K, $299
/16K$241,/8K $197
Features:
• 200ns Low Power CMOS, STATIC RAM
• Extends vour expansion connector
• Plug compatible with 2716 EPROMS
• First 8K are jumper selectable
• Entire board may be bank-switched
• G-10 Glass epOKV. Full solder mask, Gold fingers
• Full 1 -year limited warranty
I/O EXPANSION BOARD for the SYM/AIM
l/OX-122 $60
l/OX-222 $72
and other microcomputers that use 6522 Vi As for I/O
and do not provide full address decoding on board
This board has physical space for four additional 6522
VIAs, and provides additional decoding for a total of
16 devices Connectors for all I/O lines, and further
expansion are included All 6522 functions are
available, with no interference with previous
functions of the ongmal VIA. Two versions of this
boardareavailable.The l/OX-122 mounts above, and
directly plugs into, an on-board 6522 socket, and
relocates the original VIA to the expansion board.
Where there are space limitations, the l/OX-222
uses a dip header and an 8" cable for remote
installation
REAL-TIME CLOCK/CALENDAR $60 Write for Info
P.O. Box 1019 • Whittier, CA 90609 • (213) 941-1383
Circle No. 50
RAM
For ATARI
64K RAM BOARD FOR THE 400
with Lifetime Warranty
• Highest quality available
• Reduces power consumption
• Reduces heat
64 K Board (4oo) $150
48K Board (4oo) $115
32 K Board (400/800) $ 90
FREE SHIPPING ANYWHERE IN U.S.A.
Intec
Peripherals
Corp
906 E. Highland Ave.
San Bernardino, CA 92404
Si (714)881-1533 |K
ATARI, 400, 800 are Trademarks of ATARI, Inc.
Here to Atari Listing
10 REM ....Character Graphics
20 REM Using IR mode 4
30 REM
40 REM ....Paul S. Swanson
50 REM
60 REM «*««««««««««««*««««*«««*«««*
70 REM »»Place character set on****
80 REM ««a IK boundary*************
90 REM »*»»»»»»»»»*»»»»»»»»»»»»*»**
100 DIM X«(l) :A=ADR(X«) :B=INT(A/1024+1)
♦1024: DIM F«<B-fi-l) ,CSET«(1024)
110 CSET»="e"
120 CSET«(1024)="e"
1 30 CSET* ( 2 ) =CSET«
140 REM *»»»»*»»»»»»**»*»»»**»**»**
150 REM »*Use CTRL characters for**
160 REM »«the redefined characters*
170 REM «*****»*»»*»»«»*»»***»»*»**
180 RESTORE 1000
170 C=513
200 READ N
210 IF N=256 THEN 300
220 CSET*(C,C)=CHR«(N)
230 C=C+1
240 GOTO 200
250 REM »»»»****»»»»»»»*»»*********
260 REM **Declare a GR.O screen,***
270 REM *»then redefine its********
280 REM **di splay list.************
290 REM *»»»**»»******»************
300 GRAPHICS O
310 DL=PEEK<560)+PEEK(561)»256
320 POKE DL+3,68
330 I=DL+6
340 N=PEEK<I)
350 IF N=65 THEN 430
360 POKE 1,4
370 1=1+1
380 GOTO 340
390 REM »»»»»»»»»»****»»**»**»»*»**
400 REM **Llse standard PRINTS******
410 REM »*to display characters.***
420 REM *»*****»***»»**»***»»»»****
430 FOR 1=0 TO 26
440 PRINT CHR«(I) ;
450 NEXT I
460 REM *»»»»*»*»***«**»»»*»**»****
470 REM **PRINT the inverse********
480 REM ***************************
490 PRINT : PRINT
500 FOR 1=0 TO 26
510 PRINT CHR«( 1+128);
520 NEXT I
530 REM ***************************
540 REM ♦*Tell the Atari where td**
550 REM *»find the new characters**
560 REM ***************************
570 POKE 756,B/256
580 GOTO 580
960 REM ***************************
970 REM **The custdm characters****
980 REM **One DATA per character***
990 REM ***************************
1000 DATA 5,5,5,5,5,5,5,5
1010 DATA 90,90,90.90,90,90,90,90
1020 DATA 175,175,175,175,175,175,175,175
1030 DATA 250,250,250,250,250,250,250,250
1040 DATA 165,165,165,165,165,165,165,165
1050 DATA 80,80,80,80,80,80,80,80
1060 DATA 0,0,0,0,1,5,21,85
1070 DATA 0,0,0,1,5,21,85,86
1080 DATA 0,0,1,5,21,85,86,90
1090 DATA 0,1,5,21,85,86,90,106
1100 DATA 1,5,21,85,86,90,106,170
1110 DATA 5,21,85,86,90,106,170,171
1120 DATA 21,85,86,90,106,170,171,175
1130 DATA 85,86,90,106,170,171,175,191
1140 DATA 86,90,106,170,171,175,191,255
1150 DATA 90,106,170,171,175,191,255,252
1160 DATA 106,170,171,175,191,255,252,240
1170 DATA 170,171,175,191,255,252,240,192
1180 DATA 171,175,191,255,252,240,192,64
1190 DATA 175,191,255,252,240,192,64,0
1200 DATA 191,255,252,240,192,64,0,0
1210 DATA 255,252,240,192,64,0,0,0
1220 DATA 252,240,192,64,0,0,0,0
9999 DATA 256
Circle No. 8
22
MICRO
No. 59- April 1983
/MCftO
CoCo Bits
John Steiner
Updates
In the December 1982 issue, I
presented a short program on a single
disk copy routine. A few people have
written about a problem with the pro-
gram crashing in line 200 with a
filename error. Other people may run
into this problem too, so I will pass
along what might be the correction. In
program line 130 the routine uses an
IF... THEN construct to check for a
valid file. If the file does exist and has
not been killed, the extension is ap-
pended to the filename. A slashbar is
also placed in the line as a delimiter;
however, an extra space seems to have
found its way into the listing. The line
should read as follows:
130 IF LEFTS (N$(N),1) < > CHR$
(O)AND LEFTS (N$(N),1)
CHR$ (255) THEN FI$(K) = N$(N) -1-
■7"-l-EX$(N): K = K$1
The slashbar should be the only
character within the quotation marks.
The "/" could be replaced with
CHR$(47) if you wish. The program
would crash in line 200 because the ex-
tra space would cause the filename to
be one character too long.
I received a letter from Walter Oiler
of Rapid City, SD, asking about the
availability of software capable of
handling bowling league team and in-
dividual record keeping. If you have
software, or are aware of its existence,
please let me know.
The "F" Board
Last month I commented on the
fact that the TDP System 100 has a
slightly different circuit board from the
standard CoCo. That statement is no
longer true. Since December, Radio
Shack has been delivering the com-
puters with this new "F" board.
Though the board has no "F" designa-
tion on it, it is replacing "E" board
computers. If you have a late model
Color Computer, you can tell which
board you have by lifting the door on
the ROM port and looking inside.
Computers with an "E" board or
earlier have a shield around the pro-
cessor and memory chips. The shield is
almost the only thing visible in the
earlier models. "F" board models
shield only the RAM chips themselves,
so when you look into the port, you can
see components all the way through to
the other side of the cabinet. The RAM
shield is visible to the left of the port as
you are looking in.
As I said last month, the computer
will probably be offered as a 64K
machine. Rumors abound as I am
writing this that OS-9 will be available
soon in a format licensed to Tandy
Radio Shack.
CoCos with 16K are easily con-
verted to 64K. You just have to remove
several capacitors, replace the 4116's
with 4164's, and move the jumpers
from 16K to 64K positions. An addi-
tional jumper must be added to the
points near the 6821 PIA.
If you have a 32K "F" board, call
map type 1, the all RAM mode. The
hand-wired modifications required on
the earlier boards are no longer
necessary.
CoCo Operating Systems
The Radio Shack disk operating
system is adequate for BASIC program-
ming and contains many powerful
features. There is much to be desired
for the machine-language programmer,
however. This is partially due to the
fact that the system is not well
documented. Only a few ROM calls are
provided, and sophisticated applica-
tions require disassembly of the ROM
just to locate and access the routines.
One solution to this can be found in
a disk resident DOS. Some commercial
programs use the technique, including
Radio Shack's own Disk Scripsit. If you
can write your own DOS, you will have
no problem; but if you are like me, that
would be a major hurdle. However, you
can purchase disk resident operating
systems for the Color Computer. These
systems and their utilities give the
assembly-language programmer much
more power than when using the stan-
dard DOS.
I was looking for a disk operating
system for quite another reason, how-
ever. With many operating systems,
files can be read or written by com-
puters using the same DOS, even
though they may be different brands. I
would be able to send disks along with
my articles that contain the text. The
editor would then be able to read the
file into the text editor for editing and
eventual typesetting. The FLEX oper-
ating system is one of the more power-
ful systems available today. In addi-
tion, it is implemented on nearly all
6800 series processors. There are
several versions of FLEX available, and
at least two are implemented on CoCo.
I have just purchased Frank Hogg's ver-
sion and am learning how to use it to
full advantage. See November (MICRO
54:23) for a more complete discussion
of Frank Hogg's FLEX.
I wish I could say that this month's
column was submitted in FLEX format.
Unfortunately, a few hours after re-
ceiving and loading FLEX, my TDP-100
broke down. But I have already formed
some strong impressions on the system
in the first few hours.
FLEX is definitely best im-
plemented on at least a two-drive
system. I am waiting for a second drive
unit, but it has not arrived yet. Work-
mg with the system and creating the
first backup was enough to convince
me that another drive is needed.
One feature of this version of FLEX
is DBASIC, a $40.00 program that
allows you to use and convert Radio
Shack software to FLEX format. The
only feature of R/S disk BASIC that is
not implemented is random access file
capacity. This is not a limitation of
FLEX, but of DBASIC. Another appeal-
ing feature is a way to call BASIC
without accessing Extended BASIC. If
you can live without extended BASIC
routines, you can use the extra memory
No. 59 -April 1983
MICRO
23
CoCo Bits
(continued)
[over 39K| for your program.
If you have a monitor, you can use
FLEX in a 64 x 32-line format. There
are six choices of character and screen
dimensions, starting with the standard
32 X 16 format. FLEX is initialized in a
51 X 24 format. A setup program can
change that, plus many other power up
standards.
There are many people who would
like to have the versatilitiy of a DOS
but don't have the 64K capacity FLEX
requires (or maybe they just don't feel
like paying an additional one hundred
dollars on a DOS). A viable alternative
is Peter Stark's Star-DOS. Star-DOS
will run on a 16K CoCo, and requires
no modification of the computer. Many
of the standad DOS features are im-
plemented, and the user has an oppor-
tunity to get the feel of using and pro-
gramming a disk operating system
without spending a lot of money. Star-
DOS is priced at $49.95. Unlike FLEX,
Star-DOS reads and writes standard
Radio Shack format disk files. In addi-
tion, a 55-page manual provides all the
documentation needed to implement
serious disk system applications in
assembly language.
Both memory resident and disk
resident commands are supported and,
like FLEX, it is possible to improve on
the DOS by writing your own com-
mand routines, if you would like to ex-
periment with a DOS, you might be in-
terested in Star-DOS.
More information is available on
these programs from their authors:
Color Computer FLEX
Frank Hogg Laboratories
The Regency Tower
770 James St.
Syracuse, NY 13203
Star-DOS
Star-Kits
P.O. Box 209
Mt. Kisco, NY 10549
Other disk operating systems are
available for the Color Computer from
Exatron Corporation and Cer-Comp,
among others. I am not familiar with
either of these systems. If you have ex-
perience with them and would like to
pass it along, drop me a line. Next
month I will take a closer look at some
of the features of a typical DOS.
You may contact Mr. Steiner at 508
Fourth Avenue NW, Riverside, ND 58078.
iMCftO
Teci^ EDiTDr
FOR INTERNATIONAL
MICROCOMPUTER MAGAZINE
If you have the following qualifications,
contact us now!
• Excellent writing and editing skills
• Knowledge of assembly lai^uage
• Experience with Atari or TRS-80
Color Computer
• Familiarity with Pascal or FORTH
(optional)
Join an enthusiastic editorial staff
covering the exciting microcom-
puter field. Friendly
environment, new offices in
southern New Hampshire. Send
your resume to John Grow,
PubUsher, MICRO, P.O. Box
6502, Chelmsford, MA 01824.
It Pays to Write for MICRO
Get paid for your ideas: write for MICRO!
Thousands of people read MICRO every month.
MICRO is sold in computer stores and on
newsstands worldwide. Send for a copy of our
Writer's Guide now. Our author payment rate is
competitive with the leading magazines In the
industry.
We welcome articles on any aspect of 6502/
6809/68000 hardware and software for the
Apple, Atari, CBM/PET, TRS-80 Color Computer,
VIC, OSI, 6809, or 68000.
1983 Features:
May — Wave of New Computers
June — Operating Systems
July — Hardware
August — Word Processing
September — Education
October — Programming Techniques
November — Games
December — New Microprocessors
Send material to Editor, MICRO, P.O. Box 6502,
Chelmsford, MA 01824.
24
MICRO
No. 59 -April 1983
MAROONED!
And you're the quarry
for the Questers!
You re marooned in a derelict
space station trapped between the
stars. Waiting for rescue.
But. you may never make it. The
deadly space Questers have located
you and are ready to attack. Your
first line of defense is to close the
space ports on A Deck before you're
overrun, then use the Teieportation
chamber to head them off on the
other decks.
As you navigate the lonely corri-
dors . . . turning here, hiding there,
attacking or retreating, the swarms
of Questers get faster and smarter!
There's no other game like Spec-
tre. Deck after deck, yoU'll find the
most challenging and original 3-D
maze action ever!
Get SPECTRE now. only S29.95 for
the Apple II* at your computer store.
8943 Fullbnght Ave..
Chatsworth. CA 91311 (213) 709-1202
/ , /
Com:
Ymh^:-'
a « I*
?6
4*
f"«V ' \
5i. ft. 1st; »^, J
I IT-- t* — ■'
'• \
f.X-
. V.
Industry analysts, like their counter-
parts in economics, have to eat their
predictions.
The market for most home com-
puters fell so short of 3-year-old fore-
casts that, until recently, they called
the "home" computer a misnomer,
some concluding that there is no
market for home computers.
Caught between the "video game
gold rush" and the yet- to-come "home
banking and teleshopping revolutions,"
what are we to think about the infor-
mation society and the micro-on-every-
desk predictions? What has become of
the visionaries who a few years ago
predicted that the eighties would usher
in a truly participatory democracy
where every home would be plugged in-
to not only Pac Man and the boob tube,
but the World Brain, as well?
Electronic lobbying, on-line com-
munity organizing, horizontal manage-
ment, and "People's" data bases were
supposed to be up and running by 1983.
Technologically, the potential is here,
the Utopians insist, but the leadership
is not.
Separating fact from wish fulfill-
ment, the predictions may be right
about the hardware part of the revolu-
tion at least. However "unplugged" we
may be as networkers intellectually
and politically, the tools of social
change are finally proliferating.
Estimates for under-$500 home com-
puters show that in 1983 the market is
exploding; it should be over $1 billion
this year.
"Eight million computer terminals
will be in use in American homes by
the end of this decade, many linked by
information networks to businesses
and other data bases," according to J.S.
Mayo of Bell Labs. "The nature and
location of work and education will
thus be dramatically transformed.
Eventually, the home/work/study
center may replace the classroom and
the office for a great many people."
Perhaps, but currently less than 5%
of all personal computers sold are con-
nected into any type of network, accor-
ding to market research surveys. This
backs up the industry assumption that
current micro users could hardly care
less about the personal improvement
issues of electronic togetherness;
they're into games. What, then, will
drive the interactive and networking
potential?
Theory One
The Home
The answer can be found by looking
No. 59 - April 1983
at the national investment, all cor-
porate, in what is called "videotex." If
you have a TV set or monitor, a
telephone, and a connecting micro (bet-
ter it be a black box with a few buttons
saying YES, NO, BUY IT, CHARGE
IT), that is called videotex. Major in-
vestors in videotex, such as Wamer-
Amex, Time Inc., CBS, Knight Ridder,
have based their development on the
assumption that the public will be in-
terested only in "consumer' ' uses of in-
formation. They are convinced that
now only entertainment (video games)
and, later, teleshopping and home
video banking are what the information
revolution is all about.
According to one think tank, Inter-
national Resource Development of
Norwalk, Connecticut, one in four
U.S. households will have installed in-
Howevei
"unplugged" we may
be as netwoikeis
intellectually and
politically^ the tools
of social change aie
finally proliferating.
tegrated video terminals and micros
capable of accessing outside informa-
tion by 1990. However, the informa-
tion will consist simply of news, enter-
tainment and transaction services.
Modem-coimected terminals, capable
as they are of electronic mail and inter-
personal networking, will be used pri-
marily for consumption of advertising,
news, and teleshoppiag, accordiag to
IRD and their clients, AT&T, GTE,
etc., who are "racing to complete trials
of new interactive home information."
Just how interactive is this revolu-
tionary technology brought to us by Ma
Bell and the corporate providers? It will
enable (and I quote IRD) "the customer
to use his TV screen as an 'electronic
catalogue' on which he can view prod-
ucts and then place his order for
them." So much for Ma Bell.
MICRO
Communications
Theory Two
The Office
It's not the home users that will
drive the network information market-
place; it's the serious users of informa-
tion and computer-mediated communi-
cations. This school of thought is backed
by billions of dollars of vendor adver-
tising and editorials in countless jour-
nals. Whether your office is downtown,
on campus, or at home, that's the place
for plugging into information power,
A recent article in Personal Com-
puting entitled ' 'Networking; A Power-
ful Tool for Personal Communication"
catches the eye as you browse the
newsstand. Pulse rising, you grab the
magazine and read the subtitle: ' 'It may
be the most important trend on the
horizon of personal computing." On
the first page you read: "No longer will
an individual computer be limited to
its own data resources and computing
power; information can be shared
quickly, amplified, and amended at
will by computer users who might
otherwise have to wait for a weekly or a
monthly meeting to make the same
exchange."
Right on. At last it's being spelled
out in print. But wait, the very next
sentence says: ' 'A local area network is
what makes the power of personal com-
puting for businesses and professionals
seem real and practical."
For those who don't know what a
local area network is, it means the
latest in office automation efficiencies;
machines "talking" to other machines,
no matter how incompatible. But the
incompatibility lies not in the
machines themselves; technological
advances are taking care of that prob-
lem rapidly. Senior executives simply
see no compelling reason to have
micros on their desks. Whether or not
they are cyberphobe (afraid of compu-
ters) or technophobe [can't wait, can't
type), the tried and true ways to com-
municate are safer and more artistic,
suiting the style of upper management
— impulsive and unstructured.
For years, office automation profes-
sionals have been trying to woo senior
management generalists in large organ-
izations, public and private, to their
way of thinking. In the seventies, these
professionals hyped Management Infor-
mation Systems, but they flopped —
strictly for the technical, DP types.
Resurfacing as proponents of Decision
Support or IRM (Information Resource
Management), they have had no less
trouble. Cybernetic missionaries in a
pagan land, their ways of improving ex-
27
Communications
ecutive productivity fell on deaf ears.
Yet, the tide seems to be turning.
According to Ed Robertson, office auto-
mation consultant to the major multi-
national corporations, "We finally
have the technologies... that fit their
decision-making style. Number crunch-
ing, however graphic and analytical, is
not the grabber. Sophisticated ways to
communicate with a wider Old Boys
Network, beyond what they're used to
trusting, is what will get them in the
water." He adds a caveat: "Only a
handful of corporations are managing
information at the top less crudely. It
will take a few years. In the mean-
while, please don't use the word
'workstation' for CEO offices. At least
not to their faces."
Theory 3
Ent^nse
If it is not the enlightened home or
the liberated office that will be the first
to drive the network information mar-
ketplace in the next generation [two to
three years), then what will?
Although we can see where the ob-
stacles are at the top and the bottom of
the power structure, we have only to
look at the new wave of micro users to
see from where the leadership is com-
ing; the information hungry, the net-
workers who know they have to unite.
Revolutionaries? Utopian Socialists?
Hardly.
The Third Wave in networking
comes once again from the entre-
preneurial "middle" society. The same
spirit that pioneered the opening of the
West is motivating the opportunity
seekers of today. We can see them sur-
facing in small business, law, accoun-
ting, education, medicine, and scien-
tific research. They are people working
within corporate structures.
Infoimation foi Profit
"On-line entrepreneurs of the
world, unite!" may be the rallying cry
in a world that is rapidly becoming
peopled with opportunity seekers
working on their own to market and
distribute a wide variety of products and
services through self-created networks.
Take the example of two con-
sultants from Arthur D. Little Manage-
ment Consultant Firm in Boston who
were advising clients on electronic
publishing and the data base business.
These consultants saw a way to make a
profit by putting together electronically
two groups of people who badly needed
each other: hi-tech corporations and
28
techically oriented professionals. Until
now, the inefficient job market used
classified advertising as its medium for
reaching people.
Robert Kvall and George Sacerdote
decided to apply their knowledge to
this one obvious area of interactive
recruiting, using an on-line service over
Telenet and Timenet. Last Fall they
started Connexions, a Cambridge,
Massachusetts, company offering on-
line help-wanted advertising. Job
seekers can create a customized resume
and send it electronically to the key
person in the firm in which they are in-
terested. On the other end, a company
can tailor an advertisement by asking
certain questions that will further
screen the applicants. Only the cor-
porations that the applicant selects get
a chance to look at the information.
"Only a handful
of corporations
are managing
information at the
top less crudely.
It will take
a few years."
Most of the major corporations in
New England are advertising largely for
DP, computer science, or electronic
engineers through newspaper ads.
Previously, there was no more efficient
way. Connexions now makes it possi-
ble for both advertisers and subscribers
to find each other and pay mutually for
the service at each end — with
anonymity and confidentiality.
Another successful, on-line, profit-
able venture is an existing private na-
tional association that helps small
businesses. The Small Business Science
Bureau (SBSB) in Worcester, Massa-
chusetts, has recently established an
international computer network in con-
junction with the CompuServe Infor-
mation Service that allows small busi-
nesses to send and receive information,
electronic mail, software, and data.
MICRO
A "Foi Profit" Association
Members benefit from a wide vari-
ety of services: volume purchase dis-
counts for products, supplies and health
programs, management assistance, and
new ventiure start-up assistance.
Based on a DEC 20 in Worcester,
and linked to a gateway to the Compu-
Serve network, a user can send mail to
the other 35,000 sucbscribers. SBSB
has made available discounted
TRS-SOs, which include a communica-
tions package that acts as both a dumb
terminal and also allows one-key trans-
mission of electronic mail and simple
transmission of word processing text.
According to Harley Goodwin, VP
for Computer Services at SBSB,
members will find [and, indeed have
already found) ingenious ways to make
and save money through the network.
Selling the network through cable TV
franchises is one; transmitting direct
mail lists is another. "We are collec-
tively putting technology to work for
small business and the opportunities
are endless."
Business Opportunities Network
Another computerized network
creating business leads and bringing op-
portunities together is International
Business Opportunities of Woodland
Valley, California. IBO collects,
screens, and evaluates businesses that
are for sale nationally and services
would-be investors and buyers.
Through their own network of 25
brokers in key cities, potential match-
ups are referred based on various
criteria. For example, if a member
broker in New England uses IBO to find
a new business in Florida for a buyer,
and a member broker in Florida finds a
business that fits the bill, both share
the commision and pass along a slice to
IBO. The company not only maintains
the data base by means of continuous
search through collective referrals, but
it provides full service consulting to
both parties, including venture fi-
nancing.
Many entrepreneurs use The Source
Telecomputing Corp. (Source of Silver
Springs, MD) and CompuServe Con-
sumer Information Service for com-
munication among close user groups
and for fun and profit. These networks
continuosly update information of
broad public appeal, which can be ac-
cessed by any communications micro
(dumb or videotex terminal) through
local telephone calls. Along with other
"information utility" networks, such
as Dow Jones or Dialcom, they provide
No. 59- April 1983
electronic mail and private storage for a
fee. Data bases are accessed by sub-
scribers on a time charge basis. The
Source now refers to these closed
groups as Private Sectors, and openly
solicits sponsors or information pro-
viders and groups to set up on-line DBS
and electronic mail for publishing ac-
tivities. The Source will pay royalties
for the time your people spend on line.
CompuServe calls them SIGs (Special
Interests Groups) and publicizes them
to attract other entrepreneurial group
organizers.
These entrepreneurs are harbingers
of things to come. Like the 1890's Gold
Rush, the 1980's Information Mine is
making money for the lease-holders
(providers), the miners (vendors), and
those who provide services for the life
style that results.
One entrepreneur who does all
three is Alan Carr, whose company. In-
formation Inc., is making a profit via
electronic mail and data base manage-
ment in a unique way. His company's
clients are Fortune 1000 companies and
major industry associations that pay
him $64 a month per mail box account
in return for his building and maintain-
ing an information bank that can be
easily accessed through The Source
from anywhere. His clients feed him
information, internally collected, and
he gathers information they specify, ex-
ternally, whereever he can find it. He's
both an information broker and an elec-
tronic clipping service.
The end-products include interroga-
tive data bases consisting of personal-
ized material, public opinion, news fea-
tures, survey highlights, etc. A popular
service is the Issues Management file,
the latest industry or corporate posi-
tions on various issues that manage-
ment believes affects their organiza-
tion. In its first year of operation, Infor-
mation Inc. already has clients spen-
ding $5,000-$10,000 a month for the
service, depending on the number of
subscribers the organization supports.
Information Brokers
Would-be information brokers, on
behalf of their clients, can access the
Dow Jones News Retrieval Service (a
subset of which can be accesssed on
The Source and CompuServe] . This ser-
vice has 60,000 subscribers paying
$1.20 per prime minute compared to
The Source's 30,000 at $.35 and
CompuServe's 40,000 at $.38.
Two recent entries into horizontal
on-line information services are The
Knowledge Index [from Dialogue) and
No. 59 -April 1983
After Dark (from BRS). Between 6:00
p.m. and midnight, for as little as $6
per hour, any personal computer opera-
tor with a modem and a password (for a
$50 registration fee) can access BRS and
get the same in-depth, wide-ranging
data files used by BRS Search Service
subscribers (Fortune 500 corporations
and reference librarians). These include
technical and scientific abstracts, med-
ical journals, government studies, busi-
ness indexes, and general wire service
and daily news. A home computer news-
letter, electronic mail, shop at home
service, and an instant software deliv-
ery service all come with the package.
The knowledge Index, from 6.00
p.m. to 5:00 a.m. and weekends, is able
to scan more than four million entries
from over 10,00 journals and other pub-
lications, many updated daily. Compu-
...foi as little as $6
pet houi, any
personal computer
operator with a
modem and a
password can access
the same data files
used by Fortune 500
corporations.
ters, electronics, engineering, law,
medicine, agriculture, business, psy-
chology, education, and a wide range of
information from newspapers, maga-
zines, and government publications are
included. You don't get the full arti-
cles, only an abstract or summary. The
Knowledge Index will take, on line,
orders for printed copies of the full text
of the articles. Any combination of key
words plus any other words, phrases, or
numbers that appear in titles, abstracts,
author listings, etc., can be used for
searching. This raises the search
capability of finding specific informa-
tion beyond that of the conventional
information utilities. Connecting
words (AND, OR, NOT) enable you to
zero in on a topic and find the abstracts
of articles dealing with the effects of
coffee, sailing in the Straights of
MICRO
■■■ Communications |
Georgia, wind power as an investment,
and the effects of stress on managers.
Videotex and Teletex
In addition to the major networking
services, there are videotex and teletex
companies offering information over
the phone lines and through cable TV.
This information is thin news and
shopping information and has the ad-
vertiser in mind, not the consumer.
Teletex offers strictly one-way com-
munication transmitted into the TV
set. In some instances you can call up a
page and it appears on the TV screen.
But you can't go back and find addi-
tional information beyond what's in
the system. On the other hand, videotex
is interactive; you can request infor-
mation and it is searched and produced.
With ever more valuable, search-
able, and specific information services
coming on line, the market for them is
growing rapidly. Yet it comprises less
than a third of personal computer
owners and a tiny fraction of the poten-
tial population. As this changes, new
opportunities are springing up almost
daily for those who are discovering that
properly mined, refined, and packaged
information is money.
Theory E says that enterprise is
what will stimulate the network infor-
mation marketplace in the eighties.
Are you ready?
How do you get an information net-
work started? First find a large, active
group that needs to communicate reg-
ularly. They may now have a news-
letter, publish a calendar or bulletin
board, or have an organization that acts
as a clearing house for information.
Each person should probably have a
private network on a dial-up system.
Members can have confidential elec-
tronic mail and develop data bases, and
they can have a window to the outside
world and access the popular data bases
as well. The network bills the members
and will either send you a royalty or
you can charge for the content.
Communications Strategies in New
York is developing a cooperative start-
up venture firm to help launch such en-
terprises. Dial them at (212) 684-0534.
Another source for advice is IncN et.
Started by Inc. Magazine for medium- <r
size business owners, the network is \ /L
currently operating on The Source and "^
Dialcom. So far, it's been an electronic
cocktail party because of the lack of
leadership. But it could become a hot-
bed of entrepreneruial activity if it gets
organized. IncNet operates on a new^
29
>
Communications ^Hl
computer conferencing software called
PARTICIPATE from Participation Sys-
tems Inc. (PSI) of Winchester, MA.
Beyond Electronic Mail
PSI's founder, Chandler Harrison
Stevens, is associated with the Center
for Information Systems Research at
MIT. Stevens has long been an ad-
vocate of Many-to-Many Communica-
tions, his term for the key difference
between computer conferencing (CC)
and other forms of electronic mail
(Telex, facsimile, computer-based mes-
saging, voice store, and forward).
What's the difference?
Electronic mail simply provides
electronic delivery of fairly ordinary
memos that are typed in at one end and
come out at the other, or are placed in
queue behind other preceding mes-
sages. CC allows complex interactions
among a group of people by storing the
communications on a system, in one
place. Any part of the "discussion" can
be retrieved at will. You can recon-
struct an ongoing "meeting" or cor-
respondence at any time and make
comments about specific parts. Many
conferences can be held simultaneously,
each serving a different purpose, each
stored in its own place on the system.
"The single file, lock-step delivery
of electronic mail doesn't permit this
kind of multi-layered group commun-
ication, ' ' explains Tom Cross of Cross
Communications in Boulder, Color-
ado. "For the first time, we can begin
to really track the progress of a project
from inception to completion, allowing
software management, new staff, or
observers to participate at any point
along the way."
Only a small number of corpora-
tions, government agencies, and non-
profit organizations are using computer
conferencing. For instance, the
nation's electric utilities and nuclear
equipment suppliers use CC to share
experiences and update one another on
proposed regulations flowing out of
Washington since the Three Mile
Island incident.
Ron Simard of the Electric Power
Research Institute in Palo Alto, Califor-
nia, has organized CC for the Interna-
tional Nuclear Power Organization (IN-
PO). He claims his is the largest CC in
the world: over five hundred people
globally. "Subject matter ranges from
operating plant experiences and prob-
lems, their implications and what to do
about them immediately, to govern-
ment regulation and how to respond,"
says Simard.
30
Electronic Jungle Drums
The Bechtel Corportation is using
CC to help manage several massive
construction projects around the world.
One is in the deepest jungles of New
Guinea where the largest gold mine in
the world was found, along with copper
and other valuable minerals. According
to Susan Winterstein, coordinator of
the project, "The communications be-
tween jungle, the managing office in
Australia, and our headquarters here in
San Francisco would have been a night-
mare without computer conferencing.
In addition, new people coming on to
the project can be quickly updated by
retrieving previous entries," she said.
Patricia Pfifer of United Technol-
ogies, and ex-telecommunications spe-
cialist for AT&T, refers to the research
on cost-effectiveness of teleconfer-
PROPHET, a laige
timesharing service,
is the central
software link that
makes possible
several joint medical
projects now going on
at different locations.
encing: "Our studies show that one
dollar of teleconferencing equals four
dollars of face-to-face meetings and
travel." Citing the fact that white-
collar workers are the least watched in
industry in terms of productivity, the
AT&T study concluded that 50% of all
business conducted could be through
teleconferencing. "It should be, too,"
Pfifer adds. She cites these advatages:
1 . Computer conferencing saves time,
not just money [35% reduction in
time to achieve the same results) .
2. It's convenient. Everyone can follow
up on meetings, receive new poli-
cies, facts, and product information
simulataneously; new people may
be added to the conference as needed
without briefing; colleagues who
would not normally attend the
meeting can participate later.
MICRO
3. It forces discipline (better listening,
preparedness, priortizing) . The study
showed that CC enhances informa-
tion exchange, briefings, decision-
making, problem-solving, and set-
tling differences of opinion. More
human than paper, CC makes possi-
ble personal support at many levels
of the organization.
Scientists Collaborate
Computers are changing the way
scientists communicate. PROPHET, a
large timesharing service sponsored by
NIH (Biotechnology Resources Pro-
gram) is the central software link that
makes possible several joint medical
projects now going on at different loca-
tions. Maintained by Bolt, Branek, and
Newman (BBNj of Cambridge, Massa-
chusetts, PROPHET allows the re-
searchers to transmit results to investi-
gators elsewhere via ARPANET, the
research and development network
sponsored by the government's Ad-
vanced Research Projects Agency. In
addition to instant dissemination, it
allows the researcher to produce three-
dimensional models of molecules and
run statistical analyses.
In the Crystal Ball
What's ahead for the micro revolu-
tion? To date, what's happening in the
home and the office (Pac Man, Visi-
Calc) is hardly going to change our
lives; it's what going to happen that
will. Theory 3 (or E for Enterprise) will
drive the PC home market as much as
all the other incentives [besides enter-
tainment) put together, if the current
trend accelerates apace. Electronic cot-
tage industries, as well as electronic
publishing by national and regional as-
sociations, are springing up so fast that
venture capitalists are swamped with
investment opportunities.
On the office front, local area net-
works and electronic mail are coming
into use and will change the way execu-
tives communicate. Whether this will
contribute to the Information Society
or the Misinformation Society is up to
the executives, not the technology.
Bradley "Pete" Coley is founder of
Communications Strategies. His firm
consults to information technology
companies and new ventures. You may
contact him at B.L. Coley Public
Relations, 533 Second Ave., New York,
NY 10016.
iMCAO"
No. 59 -April 1983
■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■I Communications
A Not-So-Dumb Terminal
Program for the SuperPET
by Terry M. Peterson
^jB^ Turn the Commodore SuperPET into
'~^y a smart terminal for a mainframe with
this 6502 machine-ianguage program.
-^^ The program uses the 6551 ACIA
' y'^^ serial port of the SuperPET for
^ RS'232 I/O and reauires no exte
/
RS-232 I/O and requires no extemai
hardware.
Probably the PET's most endearing
feature is its convenient screen editor.
After I became familiar with this
editor, I found ordinary line-oriented
text editors all but impossible to use. I
felt especially frustrated when using
the PET as a dumb terminal to a time-
shared computer. Obviously the screen
editor is still in there — but how do you
use it? Before the advent of the Super-
PET I made several attempts to tap this
resource in programs designed to work
with IEEE RS-232 interfaces, but the
results were never satisfying. When I
saw the built-in RS-232 port of the
SuperPET that uses the 6551 ACIA, I
knew the marriage of the PET screen
editor and my time-share system was
at hand.
This article describes a 6502 RS-232
terminal program that sends edited
lines to a host computer using the PET
screen editor and the SuperPET's 6551
ACIA. SMARTERM handles conver-
sion of PET-ASCn to true ASCII, as
well as control and BREAK characters.
The program has an optional character-
by-character mode for use with remote
screen editors and for other cases when
line-by-line mode is undesirable. I've
tied the program into the PET's 60 Hz
jiffy IRQ interrupt for the input of
characters from the host computer, so
unexpected input isn't lost. This IRQ
patch also allows you to enter from the
keyboard, the 8032 special screen for-
matting characters and send control
and BREAK characters. The program
does not buffer characters input from
the RS-232 port; such buffering is im-
necessary for operation up to (at least)
2400 baud as long as the host computer
can be made to send several nulls after
each carriage return. At 300 baud even
the nulls are unnecessary.
The 6551 ACIA makes the program-
mer's job very easy. This chip takes
care of trapping characters at the serial
port and decoding them into an 8-bit
parallel buffer called the received-data
register. The programmer only has to
establish such things as the baud rate,
parity, and duplexing — and to fetch
the bytes from the received-data
register before they are overwritten by
the next character. Sending characters
is even easier — merely POKE the data
into the transmit-data register and
wait for the 6551 to signal that it has
finished sending.
To the 6502 or 6809 in the Super-
PET, the 6551 appears as the four mem-
ory registers $EFFO through $EFF3.
$EFFO acts as the receive- or transmit-
data register depending on whether it is
PEEKed or POKEd. $EFF1 is the status
register. It indicates the following:
status of the receive and transmit
registers; occimrence of parity, framing,
and over-run enors; and the status of
the RS-232 control lines DCD and
DSR. It also contains an IRQ flag (bit
7). If $EFF1 is POKEd with anything
the 6551 is reset (i.e., turned off).
$EFF2 is called the command register.
Most of its bits determine the mode of
operation of the 6551 with respect to
the microprocessor, but some are used
to set the RS-232 parity option. $EFF3,
the control register, is used to set the
655 1's RS-232 operation with respect
to baud rate, word length, and number
of stop bits. Table 1 shows the bit set-
tings for the various modes determined
by the control and command registers,
as well as the bit anangement of the
status register. For further information
on the 6551, I recommend the data
sheets found in the Synertek 1981-1982
Data Catalog.
Listing 1 shows the assembler
source for the terminal program. I have
provided extensive comments in the
listing, so I will give only a rough
outline of the program operation here.
(The names in parentheses give the
label on the source code line that
begins the section described.) The first
part of the program (START) is a sub-
routine that revectors the IRQ through
the received-character detect code, sets
the necessary 6551 registers, and
enables the 6551 IRQ interrupt. If
desired, the RTS at the end of this part
may be omitted in order to fall directly
into the main program loop instead of
returning to the calling routine
(BASIC).
Next is the main program loop
jINLOOP) that handles characters from
the keyboard. After the main loop
follows (QUIT), the code that restores
the IRQ vector and resets the 6551.
Next is (CHARIN), the subroutine to
No. 59 - April 1983
MICRO
31
Communications
fetch characters from the keyboard.
Note that this subroutine alerts the
user of char-by-char operation by a non-
flashing cursor. (The complication in
the code here is setting/clearing con-
trol mode for char-by-char output.)
Then comes (TSTIRQ), the IRQ vector
patch code to trap 6551 IRQ's followed
by (IJSICHR), the code to convert
incoming characters to PET-ASCII and,
optionally, to display control codes
as reversed-field letters. Next is
(CTRLTB), a table of the PET- ASCII
equivalents for ASCII control codes.
Finally there is (KEYTST), the post-
jiffy interrupt code that examines each
keystroke to test for special screen
formatting, control (reverse), and
BREAK (STOP) keys. Notice that
BREAK is always "live" — that is,
even in line-by-line mode the BREAK
character is sent while the 'STOP' key
is held down.
Listing 2 shows a sample BASIC
Command Registei ($EFF2)
Bit(s)
Function
Data Terminal Ready (1 = DTR true & rcvr enabled)
1
Receiver IRQ Enable (0 = enabled)
2-3
Transmitter Control
00= IRQ disabled, RTS false, Xmitter off
01= IRQ enabled, RTS true, Xmitter on
10= IRQ disabled, RTS true, Xmitter on
11 = IRQ disabled, RTS true, Xmit BREAK
4
Echo mode (1= echo received chars.)
5-7
Parity Control
XXO = ignore parity
001= odd parity
011= even parity
101 = xmit '1' parity bit, ignore on received data
111 = xmit '0' parity bit, ignore on received data
Control Registei($EFF3)
Bit(s)
Function
0-3
BAUD rate
0000 = use external generator (not impl. on SuperPET)
0001= 50
0010= 75 1001= 1800
0011= 109.92 1010= 2400
0100= 134.58 1011= 3600
0101= 150 1100= 4800
0110= 300 1101= 7200
0111= 600 1110= 9600
1000= 1200 1111= 19200
4
Receiver clock (1 = internal gen.)
5-6
Word length 00,01, 10, 11 = 8,7,6,5 bits respectively
7
Stop bits 0,1 = 1,2 stop bits (but see data sheet)
Status Registei ($EFF1)
Bit(8)
Function
Parity error (1 = error)
1
Framing error (1= error)
2
Overrun error (1= error)
3
Received data (l = true)
4
Transmitted data ( 1 = true)
5
[not)DCD (echos pin level, usu. inv. of RS232)
6
[notJDSR (as DCD)
7
IRQ (1 = interrupt requested)
calling program. Note that this pro-
gram could be modified to send a log- in
sequence between the two SYSs.
If you have machine-language ex-
perience and the inclination you could
easily extend the terminal program. For
example, to add a disk log of your ter-
minal session, take the following steps:
1 . Add two JSR $FFD2's to the machine
language [one just after the line labeled
INLOOP and the other between
CHAIOO and JMP $E202), 2. OPEN a
disk file in the BASIC calling program,
and 3. CMD the disk file just before the
final SYS into SMARTERM. [This pro-
cedure will work even at high baud
rates!) To up-load disk files to the
mainframe, OPEN the disk file, per-
form the first SYS, and then GET#
bytes from the file, POKE them into
61424, WAIT 61425,16, and loop. Of
course this looping could be speeded up
if it were implemented in machine
language: add an ST check to the main
loop and SYS to the sequence LDX
#lfn/JSR $FFC6/JMP INLOOP after
OPENing the disk file #lfn in BASIC.
Terry Peterson performs photovoltaic cell
research at Chevron Research Company.
He first used PETs at work to control and
collect data from various laboratory
experiments. Now addicted, he writes
utility-type software and articles about the
PET, CBM, SuperPET, VIC, C64, etc. He
may be contacted at 8628 Edgehill Ct., El
Cerrito, CA 94530.
FOR YOUR CONVENIENCE
THE LISTINGS FOR
SMARTERM FOLLOW ON
THE NEXT THREE
RIGHT HAND PAGES
t ""crz^Mi
32
MICRO
No. 59 -April 1983
Communications
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IN h- hs N |S. IN 1^
No. 59 -April 1983
MICRO
33
BUSIWRITER
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circle No. 38
34
MICRO
No. 59- April 1983
Communications
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No. 59- April 1983
MICRO
35
Emulates these terminals exactl y.
IBM 3101
DEC VT100, VT52
Data General D200
ADDS Regent 20, 25, 40
Hazeltlne 1400, 1410, 1500
Lear Slegler ADM-3A, ADM-S
TeleVldeo 910
Teletype Model 33 KSR
Apple is a trademark of
Apple Computer, Inc.
New File Transfer Language
BREAK
CATALOG
CHAIN
CONFIGURE
CONNECT
CONVERSE
DIAL
END
HANGUP
LOG
MONITOR
NOLOG
ONERR
PAUSE
PROMPT
RECEIVE
REMARK
RETRIES
SEND
SPECIAL
SPEED
TIMEOUT
XMIT:WAIT
Your host compul
won't know the difference!
Softerm provides an exact terminal emulation
for a wide range of CRT terminals whicti interface
to a variety of tiost computer systems. Special
function keys, sophisticated editing features,
even local printer capabilities of the terminals
emulated by Softerm are fully supported. Softerm
operates with even the most discriminating host
computer applications including video editors.
And at speeds up to 9600 baud using either a
direct connection or any standard modem.
Unmatched file transfer capability
Softerm offers file transfer methods flexible
enough to match any host computer requirement.
These include character protocol mtt\ user-
definable terminator and acknowledge strings,
block size, and character echo wait, and the
intelligent Softrans"" protocol which provides
reliable error-free transmission and reception of
data. The character protocol provides maximum
flexibility for text file transfers. Any type file
may be transferred using the Softrans protocol
which provides automatic binary encoding and
decoding, block checking with error recovery, and
data compression to enhance line utilization.
A FORTRAN 77 source program is supplied with
Softerm which is easily adaptable to any host
computer to allow communications with Softerm
36
using the Softrans protocol.
Softerm file transfer utilizes an easy to use
command language which allows simple defini-
tion of even complex multiple-file transfers with
handshaking. Twenty-three high-level commands
include DIAL, CATALOG, SEND. RECEIVE,
ONERR, HANGUP. MONITOR and others which
may be executed in immediate command mode
interactively or from a file transfer macro com-
mand file which has been previously entered
and saved on disk.
Built-in utilities
Softerm disk utilities allow DOS commands such
as CATALOG, INIT RENAME, and DELETE to be
executed allowing convenient file maintenance.
Local file transfers allow files to be displayed,
printed, or even copied to another file without
exiting the Softerm program. Numerous editing
options such as tab expansion and space com-
pression are provided to allow easy refonnatting
of data to accommodate the variations in data
formats used by host computers. Softerm sup-
ports automatic dialing in both terminal and file
transfer modes. Dial utilities allow a phone book at
frequently used numbers to be defined which are
accessed by a user-assigned name and specify
MICRO
Supports these
Interface inartis
Apple Communications Card
Apple Parallel Printer
Apple Serial Interface
Apple Super serial Card
Bit 3 Dual-Comm Plus™
CCS 7710,7720, 7728
Hayes Micromodem II™
Hayes Smartmodem™ 300, & 1200
Intra Computer PS10
Mountain Computer CPS Card™
Novation Apple-Cat 11™ 300 & 1200
Orange Micro Grappler™
Prometheus VERSAcard™
SSM ASIC, APIO, AlO, AlO II™
Supports your 80-column hardware
ALS Smartemi™
Bit 3 Full- View 80™
Computer Stop Omnlvislon™
M&R Sup'R'Terminai™
STB Systems STB-80™
VIdex Videoterm™
Vista Computer Vision 80™
Wesper Micro Wizard 80™
the serial interface parameters to be used.
Online Update Service
The Softronics Online Update Service is pro-
vided as an additional support service at no
additional cost to Softerm users. Its purpose
is to allow fast turnaround of Softerm program
fixes for user-reported problems using the
automatic patch facility included in Softerm
as well as a convenient distribution method for
additional terminal emulations and I/O drivers
which become available. User correspondence
can be electronically mailed to Softronics, and
user-contributed keyboard macros, file transfer
macros, and host adaptations of the Softrans
FORTRAN 77 program are available on-line.
Most advanced communications
software available
Just check Softerm's 300 page user manual.
You simply can't buy a more sophisticated
package or one that's easier to use. Available
now for only $150 from your local dealer or
Softronics, Inc.
SQFIHONICS
6626 Prince Edward, Memphis,TN 38119,901 755-5006
circle No. 18
No. 59 - April 1983
Communications
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No. 59 -April 1983
MICRO
37
Communications
Dialing tlie Netvirorics
by Cliff Glennon
Essential steps for a iVIC6809-based home computer
to communicate with the two major computer networks.
Have you ever come home without a
newspaper and wished you had some-
thing to read? Are you tired of paying
high prices for slow mail delivery?
Subscribers to THE SOURCE and
COMPUSERVE can get news, instant
electronic mail, and a host of other
valuable services delivered right to
their home computers.
There are so many services offered
by COMPUSERVE that a magazine is
published to provide a convenient in-
dex to them. THE SOURCE sends out
an executive manual that covers its
services. I had the spelling in this arti-
cle checked by THE SOURCE, and
COMPUSERVE can give me the prices
of stereo equipment.
I have heard it said that by the next
decade a literate person 'Will have to
know computers to be able to com-
municate. This communication most
likely will be over the telephone lines
through computer services such as
THE SOURCE or COMPUSERVE. If
you want a taste of what it will be like
to work at home and communicate to a
large central computer system, it's all
here. If you have a program that will
not fit in your memory, you have ac-
cess to all the memory and disk oper-
ating systems you can handle over your
telephone.
The Modem
Modem is a contraction for
modulator-demodulator. Although I
don't have one, the Originate-Answer
type of modem is probably best. This
Dialing
requires:
6809-based microcomputer
Table 1: Summary of the MC6850 ACIA Command Register
bits 0-I| OOOOOObb
Divides the system clock to provide output baud rates.
00 - Divide by 1
01 - Divide by 16
10 - Divide by 64
11 - Reset the ACIA
The SWTPC MP-S2 is set up to use a divide by 16 when 300 baud is
selected on the interface jumpers.
bits 2-4) OOObbbOO
Word Length, Parity, Stop Bit Selections
000 - 7-bit word, even parity, 2 stop bits
001 - 7-bit word, odd parity, 2 stop bits
010 - 7-bit word, even parity, 1 stop bit
Oil - 7-bit word, odd parity, 1 stop bit
100 - 8-bit word, no parity, 2 stop bits
101 - 8-bit word, no parity, 1 stop bit
110 - 8-bit word, even parity, 1 stop bit
111 - 8-bit word, odd parity, 1 stop bit
I access both COMPUSERVE and THE SOURCE with a 7-bit word,
even parity, 1 stop bit, %00001000 or 010.
bits 5-6) ObbOOOOO
Controls RTS output [pin 5), Break Transmission, Transmitter
Interrupts
00 - RTS = 0, inhibits transmitter interrupt
01 - RTS = 0, enables transmitter interrupt
10 - RTS = 1, inhibits transmitter interrupt
II - RTS = 0, inhibits transmitter interrupt, transmits Break
I do not use these features.
bit 7) bOOOOOOO
Controls Interrupts to the 6809 Processor
1 - enables interrupts when a letter is received
- disables interrupts when a letter is received
1 have used this feature in the past, but my Disk Operating System
uses the interrupt vector and I hesitate to share that vector when I
am using disk reads and writes. Also I found that using interrupts
prevents control characters from being sent to the Services (e.g., a
break or Control-P) by assigning a priority to incoming letters.
38
MICRO
No. 59 -April 1983
means that you can be the one to in-
itiate the call (Originate) oi that youi
computer can be called by another
computer (Answer). I have an Origi-
nate-only modem, and this is sufficient
to connect to the computer services.
My modem is a direct-connect,
which means there is no acoustic
coupler to add problems to the com-
munications channel. I see no need to
convert the electronic signals from the
computer to sound, and convert the
sound back to electronic signals to send
over the phone lines. In addition,
acoustic couplers are made for round
phone speakers, and my phone handset
is square. The phone company installed
the USOC RJ-llC jack required by the
modem. This jack, as it turns out, is
also required by my telephone answer-
ing machine and enables me to plug or
unplug phone equipment easily.
The two Services require at least a
300-baud rate:
baud = (approx.)io*characters/second
but also provide 1200-baud service.
The future undoubtedly will be with
the faster baud rates and a modem that
could operate at such speeds would be
an advantage.
The Cable
If you construct your own modem-
computer connector, you must trans-
Table 2: The MC6850 ACIA Status Register
bit 0) 0000000b
- Receiver Data Register empty
1 - Receiver Data Register full
A character has been received and can be read from the Data
Register
bit 1) OOOOOObO
- Transmitter Data Register full
* * Note opposite meanings from bit
1 - Transmitter Data Register empty
A character can now be sent
bit 2 1 OOOOObOO
- Data Carrier Detect is present
1 - Loss of Data Carrier
If this line is connected
bit 3) OOOObOOO
- Clear to Send signal is detected
1 - No Clear to Send
* * * * Note: this line must be connected for the 6850 to operate. If this
line is high ($08 in the Status Register), no data can be transmitted.
This is pin 20 on the MP-S2 connector
bit 4) OOObOOOO
- No Framing Error
1 - Framing Error
Faulty character synchronization
bit 5) OObOOOOO
- No Overrun
1 - Overrun
More than one character was received before one was read
bit 6) ObOOOOOO
- No Parity Error
1 - Parity in the received character is incorrect
bit 7) bOOOOOOO
- Any interrupts enabled in the Control register
1 - Can also be read as output in this bit
l^H Communications |
late the modem manufacturer's terms
to the computer manufacturer's terms.
The name RS-232 is code for a loose
agreement "standard" for connectors
that original equipment manufacturers
(OEMs) can use to attach their devices
to a variety of computers. As long as a
device follows the RS-232 standard, I
can attach it to my SWTPC S09 com-
puter. Here are the modem-to-
computer conversions:
Modem
Pin
Line Description
Computei
(SWTPC
MP-S2)Pin
(1)
Protective Ground
(1|
(2)
Transmitted Data
(3) < .'note
well
(31
Received Data
(2)
(51
Clear to Send
Not
connected
(6)
Data Set Ready
(20) Clear to
Send
(7|
Signal Ground
(7|
(81
Data Carrier
Detector
(12) SDCD
The first thing to notice in the list is
that lines 2 and 3 are reversed in the
two machines. This is a standard con-
figuration and should be found in all
modem-computer connections. The
Data Carrier Detector line does not
have to be connected for the MP-S2 in-
terface to work. A very careful reading
of the SWTPC documentation dis-
closes that pin 20, the Clear-to-Send
pin, should be connected to "the buffer
full or data terminal ready line." All in
all, only five lines need to be
implemented.
The cheapest cable is ribbon cable.
But a major disadvantage is that the
signals on this cable radiate to interfere
with any television sets in your house.
If you live in an apartment, ribbon
cable is out; you should have a cable
custom made with the lines twisted and
mylar shielded. Another alternative is to
adapt an unused shielded cable.
DB-25 is the name for the 25 pin
connectors used with RS-232 inter-
faces. They are male and female to in-
dicate whether they are plugs or
sockets. If you order the cable made, be
sure you understand how the manufac-
tvirer wants the gender of the DB-25
connector specified. Serial interfaces
usually require male DB-25 cormec-
tors; parallel interfaces need female
connectors. Cable and connectors can
be purchased from computer stores or
hobby mail-order houses.
Attaching wires to the connectors is
easy. A low- wattage soldering iron and
60/40 rosin-core solder is all that is
necessary. A short length of heat-
No. 59 -April 1983
MICRO
39
Communications
shrinkable tubing is slipped over the
wire before soldering. After the solder
connection is made, this tubing is pulled
down over the connection and stirunk
to a tight fit by heat from the iron; or
you can use plastic electrical tape if you
prefer. A VOM can be used to check if
there are any invisible breaks in the
wire, if the right pin is connected, or if
there is a short between wires. An inex-
pensive VOM is sufficient, because on-
ly resistance measurements are needed.
The next step is to write the pro-
gram that allows the computer to talk
on the telephone. A preliminary pro-
cedure is to study the device used in the
computer interface to find out the com-
mands it needs to operate. The device
in my system is the Motorola MC6850
ACIA, or Asynchronous Communica-
tions Interface Adapter (I am curious to
see what the spelling checker does with
that!). To send a command to the 6850,
a value [such as $03) is placed in the
Control Register. For example:
LDA $03 Load accumulator A with
the 6850 Reset value
STA $E040 Control/Status Register
address in my system
The commands are coded to fit into an
8-bit byte (see table 1). If table 1 seems
complicated, remember that all you
have to do is select one option in each
of the categories to fit your needs and
the 6850 does the rest! Thus, COM-
PUSERVE asks for a 7-bit ASCII word,
even parity, one start, and one stop bit.
All this is done with a $09 or
% 0000 1001. After sending this com-
mand to the 6850, all data sent out by
the computer to the modem conforms
to this requirement, and data received
is checked to see if it matches as well.
Characters are transmitted and received
simultaneously.
THE SOURCE looks for an 8-bit
ASCII word, no parity, one stop bit.
This is obtained with a $15 or
% 000 10 101. I am able to connect on
my SWTPC 6800 system using this
command; but my 6809 system balks
at this code and talks only on the $09
code. Customer service at THE
SOURCE told me that a 7-bit word
could be used to communicate, but
that an 8-bit word is required in their
"local mode," which, I guess, is dial-
ing from Washington D.C. My motto
in this case is "what works, works,"
but I am sure I will have to find the
source of the trouble someday.
Both services require full-duplex
operation, which means the service
will echo a character sent by your
equipment back to you. Note that you
do not have to echo a character back to
the service. Full-duplex operation is
assumed in the attached program.
The computer processor is process-
ing data at a megahertz-cycle clip, and
the ACIA modem is running at only
300 baud, so a means must be provided
to see if the slow pair is ready for
another letter. This is provided by the
status register, which tells us whether
or not a letter has come in, or what
some of the problems in the reception
are. On my system, this register is read
by an
LDA $E040 Reads the ACIA Status
Register
The status register is summarized in
table 2.
It is necessary only to check bits
and 1 for normal commimications. If a
parity option has been selected such as
a $05: 7-bit word; odd parity; and
divide by 16, and the parity status
register bit number 6 is not checked by
a statement such as
LDA $E040 Read status
BITA $40 Checl< parity bit
then you are sending characters out
with a parity bit set, but your own
system is ignoring any parity bits
received.
The final piece of information is
how to read and write to the ACIA. The
required statement is:
LDA $E041 Read Data Register
or
STA $E041 Write to Data Register
The Piogiam
After loading the progam, it
prompts for a letter to begin initializing
the ACIA. Enter any letter to start. Dial
the computer service at this time and
follow the sign-on procedures detailed
in their instructions. To record any in-
formation, type a ' ~ ' or $7E. To stop
recording, enter another ' ~ ' or $7E. To
transmit a text file, type a '{' or $7B.
Do not be alarmed if the characters
echoed back by the service during the
transmission of a text file do not agree
with the characters that are being sent.
More than likely, when you review the
file in the service's memory, it will
agree with what you intended to send.
But (and there must always be a "but")
a poor telephone line or static on the
telephone line may garble the best
transmissions. You must not touch the
keyboard during transmission because
this will end the transmission. Use this
method to end the transmission, how-
ever, if the service sends out trouble
messages such as
> illegal command
If the file TODAY.TXT is inadvertently
closed, you can exit and restart the
MODEM program without losing the
telephone connection. Exit from the
program by typing a ' }' or $7D.
Problems
To locate a problem you must first
isolate it by eliminating any areas of
the connection that are not [or should
not be) involved. Generally I assume
anything that I have done is wrong,
even though I know that I am right
beyond a shadow of a doubt. This at-
titude has solved most of my problems
quickly. Any manufactured and tested
part is probably not the source of the
problem.
Of course, I hope you do not have
any problems with the program as it is
printed here. It is designed for ex-
changing text messages. Binary trans-
missions, such as machine-language
program exchanges, would require that
parity and framing errors be detected.
Error-correcting codes would also have
to be employed to achieve 100%
accuracy.
To paraphrase Professor James
Burke in his CONNECTIONS series:
The inventions that will probably be
the most important are the ones that
will improve communications.
P.S. The SPELL pTogTom caught my "pio-
piiatary" and pointed out the correct "pio-
piietaiy." "Asynchronous" passed by "syn-
chronization" was unknown. The SPELL
program also listed all the text formatter
commands that are imbedded in the text
(such as centering, etc.) as imknown words.
THE SOURCE is a servicemark of Source Telecom-
puting Corp., 1616 Anderson Road, McLean, VA
22102. flUCRONET and COMPUSERVE are trade-
marks of CompuServe Inc., 5000 Arlington, Centre
Blvd., Columbus, OH 43220. SWTPC, CT-82,
MP-S2, S09 are trademarks of Southwest
Technical Products Corp., 219 W. Rhapsody, San
Antonio, TX 78216. FLEX, FLEX9, TSC are trade-
marks of Technical Systems Consultants, Inc.,
P.O. Box 2574, West Lafayette, IN 47906. MC6850
and MC6809 are trademarks of Motorola Inc., In-
tegrated Circuit Division, 3501 Ed Bluestein Blvd.,
Austin, TX 78721.
You may contact the author at 3395
Nostrand Ave., Brooklyn, NY 11229.
40
MICRO
No. 59 -April 1983
BOX 120
ALLAMUCHY, N.J. 07820
201-362-6574
HUDSON DIGITAL ELECTRONICS INC
THE TASK* MASTERS
HDE supports the *TIM, AIM, SYM and KIM (TASK) with a growing line of computer programs and
peripheral components. All HDE component boards are state-of-the-art 4y2" x 6y2", with on board
regulation of all required voltages, fully compatible with the KIM-4 bus.
OMNI DISK 65/8 and 65/5
Single and dual drive 8" and 574" disk systems.
Complete, ready to plug in, bootstrap and run.
Include HDE's proprietary operating system,
FODS (File Oriented Disk System).
DM816^M8A
An 8K static RAM board tested for a minimum of
100 hours and warranted for a full 6 months.
DM816-UB1
A prototyping card with on-board SV regulator
and address selection. You add the application.
DM81 6-P8
A 4/8K EPROM card for 2708 or 271 6 circuits.
On board regulation of all required voltages.
Supplied without EPROMS.
DM81 6-CC1 5
A 15 position motherboard mounted in a 19"
RETMA standard card cage, with power supply.
KIM, AIM and SYM versions.
DISK PROGRAM LIBRARY
Offers exchange of user contributed routines
and programs for HDE Disk Systems. Contact
Progressive Computer Software, Inc. for details.
HDE DISK BASIC
A full range disk BASIC for KIM based systems.
Includes PRINT USING, IF ... THEN .. . ELSE.
Sequential and random file access and much
more. $175.00
HDE ADVANCED INTERACTIVE
DISASSEMBLER (AID)
Two pass disassembler assigns labels and con-
structs source files for any object program.
Saves multiple files to disk. TIM, AIM, SYM, Kl M
versions. $95.00
HDE ASSEMBLER
Advanced, two pass assembler with standard
mnemonics. KIM, TIM, SYM and KIM cassette
versions. $75.00 ($80.00 cassette)
HDE TEXT OUTPUT PROCESSING SYSTEM
(TOPS)
A comprehensive text processor with over 30
commands to format and output letters, docu-
ments, manuscripts. KIM, TIM and KIM cassette
versions. $135.00 ($142.50 cassette)
HDE DYNAMIC DEBUGGING TOOL (DDT)
Built in assembler/disassembler with program
controlled single step and dynamic breakpoint
entry/deletion. TIM, AIM, SYM, KIM AND KIM
cassette versions. $65.00 ($68.50 cassette)
HDE COMPREHENSIVE MEMORY TEST
(CMT)
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static and dynamic memory. TIM, AIM, SYM,
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cassette)
AVAILABLE DIRECT OR FROM THESE FINE DEALERS:
Progressive Computer Software
405 Corbin Road
York, PA 1 7403
(717)845-4954
Johnson computers
Box 523
Medina, Ohio 44256
(216) 725-4560
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20 Sunland Drive
Chico, CA 95926
(916) 343-5033
Falk-Baker Associates
382 Franklin Avenue
Nutley, NJ07110
(201)661-2430
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P.O. Box 84
East Amherst, NY 14051
(716)689-7344
Perry Peripherals
P.O. Box 924
Miller Place, NY 11764
(516) 744-6462
Circle No. 52
No. 59 -April 1983
MICRO
41
Communications
uieni
inn Lisiiny
NAM
MODEM
PROC
FLEX9 ENTRY
POINTS
D406
FMS
EQU
$0406
FILE MANAGEMENT
CD 24
PCRLF
EQU
$CD24
CARRIAGE RETURN
i LINE FEED
CD IB
INSUFF
EQU
$CD1B
INPUT INTO LINE BUFFER
C080
LINBUF
EQU
$C080
LINE BUFFER ADDRESS
CC14
BUFPOINT
EQU
$CC14
LINE BUFFER POINTER
CD2D
GETFIL
EQU
$CD2D
GET FILE SPECIFICATION
CD IE
PSTRNG
EQU
$CD1E
PRINT STRING
CD15
GETCHR
EQU
$CD15
INPUT 1 CHARACTER
CD3F
RPTERR
EQU
$CD3F
REPORT ERRORS
0403
FMSCLS
EQU
$0403
CLOSE OPEN FILES
CD03
WARMS
EQU
$CD03
EXIT TO FLEX9
ACIA ADDRESSES
£040
CNTRL
EQU
$E040
CONTROL/STATUS REGISTER
E041
DATA
EQU
$E041
DATA REGISTER
TERMINAL
ACIA ADDRESSES
E004
TCNTRL
EQU
$E004
CONTROL/STATUS REGISTER
E005
TDATA
EQU
$E005
DATA REGISTER
! PROGRAM
ENTR1
POINT
0000
8E 02 84 START:
LDX #FCB
THE FILE CONTROL
0003 10 8E 02 72
BLOCK (FCB) IS A 320 BYTE BLOCK USED BY
FLEX9 TO CONTROL DISK INPUT/OUTPUT.
LDY #FILSPEC A CONVENIENT
WAY TO INITIALIZE A FCB FOR USE BY
FLEX9.
0007
C6 OF
LOB #15
15 LETTERS
0009
A6 AO
STLOOP
LDA 0,Y+
ARE WRITTEN
OOOB
A7 80
STA 0,X+
TO THE BLOCK.
OOOD
5A
OECB
OOOE
2A F9
BPL STLDOP
0010
8E 02 84
•
LDX #FCB
RESET ACCX
0013
BD 04 06
JSR FMS
OPEN THE FILE
0016
10 26 01 55
BNE ERROR
ERROR TRAP
OOIA
8E 01 96
'
LDX #PROMPT
PAUSE BEFORE
OOID
BO CD IE
JSR PSTRNG
INITIALIZING ACIA
0020
BD CO 15
JSR GETCHR
INPUT CHARACTER
0023
86 03
RESET
LDA #3
RESET ACIA
0025
87 EO 40
STA CNTRL
0028
86 09
*
LOA #$09
002A
B7 EO 40
STA CNTRL
0020
7F 02 71
•
CLR aAG
DISK WRITE FLAG
0030
8E 01 8B
LDX #READMSG
READY MESSAGE
0033
BD CD IE
JSR PSTRNG
WRITE TO TERMINAL
INPUT A LETTER FROM
THE TERMINAL
0036
B6 EO 04
TERM
LOA TCNTRL
CHECK IF TERMINAL
0039
85 01
BITA #$01
KEY IS DEPRESSED
003B
27 33
*
BEQ PORT
NO. GO SEE IF
.
MODEM HAS ANYTHING.
0030
B6 EO 05
LDA TDATA
YES. GET CHAR.
0040
81 7E
*
CMPA #'■'
TOGGLE DISK WRITE?
0042
26 18
BNE CKNO
NO. AND SKIP
0044
73 02 71
COM FLAG
YES. FLIP SWITCH
0047
70 02 71
TST FLAG
DECIDE ON MESSAGE
004A
27 05
BEQ MSGOFF
RECORD OFF
004C
BE 02 37
LDX #MSGON
RECORD ON
D04F
20 03
BRA MSG666
PUT ON TERMINAL
0051
8E 02 50
MSGOFF
LDX #OFFMSG
RECORD OFF
0054
BO CD IE
MSG666
JSR PSTRNG
REPORT IT
0057
8E 02 84
LDX #FCB
RESTORE POINTER
00 5A
20 14
BRA PORT
GO CHECK ON PORT.
005C
81 70
CKNO
CMPA #'t'
GIVE UP?
005E
10 27 01 00
BEQ OOEND
YES.
0062
81 7B
CMPA #'§'
TRANSMIT A FILE?
0064
27 40
BEQ FILETRANS
YES.
0066
F6 EO 40
OUTCH
LOB CNTRL
TRANSMITTER READY?
0069
C5 02
BITB #2
006B
27 F9
BEQ OUTCH
NO. WAIT UNTIL REA
006D
B7 EO 41
STA DATA
READY, SEND DATA
INPUT A LETTER FROM THE MODEM.
0070 F5 EO 40 PORT LOB CNTRL 010 ANYTHING
0073 C5 01 BITB #1 COME IN?
0075 27 BF BEQ TERM NO. GO CHECK TERMINAL.
0077 B5 EO 41 ' LOA DATA GET LETTER
. THE FOLLOWING SCREEN IS NECESSARY TO
. PREVENT A STRAY MISREAD CHARACTER FROM
. ACTIVATING ANY OF THE 150 FUNCTIONS ON
. THE SWTPC CT-82
007A
007C
81
27
00
16
007E
0080
81
27
OA
12
0082
0084
81
27
08
OE
0086
0088
81
27
07
OA
008A
008C
008E
0090
0092
81
25
81
23
86
20
04
7E
02
7C
WHAT
0094
70
02 71
PORTl
0097
27
OE
OOAE
OOBl
CARRIAGE RETURN?
OK
CMPA #$0D
BEQ PORTl
CMPA #$0A
BEQ PORTl
CMPA #$08
BEQ PORTl
CMPA #$07
BEQ PORTl
CMPA #$20
BLO WHAT
CMPA #$7E
BLS PORTl
LDA #'1'
THAT A BAD CHARACTER WAS RECEIVED.
LINE FEED?
OK
BACKSPACE?
OK
CHIMES?
OK
OTHER CONTROLS?
NOT OK
NOT ASCII?
NOT OK
A SYMBOL TO INDICATE
0099 34 02
009B 8E 02 84
009E BO 04 06
OOAl 10 26 00 CA
00A5 35 02
00A7 F6 EO 04
OOAA C5 02
OOAC 27 F9
B7 EO 05
20 83
TST FLAG
BEQ P0RT2
PSHS A
LDX #FCB
JSR FMS
BNE ERROR
PULS A
P0RT2 LOB TCNTRL
BITB #$02
BEQ P0RT2
STA TDATA
BRA TERM
TRANSMIT A DISK FILE
WRITE LETTER
TO DISK?
NO. SKIP
SAVE ACCA
WRITE LETTER
TO DISK.
ERROR TRAP
RESTORE ACCA
TERM READY?
NO. WAIT
SEND CHARACTER
AND GO CHECK TERMINAL.
00B3 BE
00B6 BO
D0B9 BE
OOBC BF
OOBF BO
00C2 BE
00C5 BF
00C8 BE
01 B4
CD IE
CO 80
CC 14
CD IB
CO 80
CC 14
03 C4
FILETRANS
LDX #TRANSMSG PROMPT FOR FILE NAME
OOCB BO CD 20
OCCE 86 01
0000 A7 84-
0002 BD 04 06
0005 26 60
0007 8E 03 C4
OODA BD 04 06
0000 26 65
JSR PSTRNG
LDX #$C080
STX $CC14
JSR INBUFF
LDX #$C080
STX $CC14
LOX #FCB2
JSR GETFIL
LOA #$01
STA 0,X
JSR FMS
BNE ERRDR6
PRINT PROMPT
LINE BUFFER ADDRESS
BUFFER POINTER
INPUT FILE NAME
LINE BUFFER ADDRESS
BUFFER POINTER
NEW FILE CONTROL
BLOCK
ENTERS THE FILE
SPECIFICATION INTO THE
FILE CONTROL BLOCK
OPEN FOR READ CODE
SET FCB
OPENS THE FILE.
ERROR TRAP
READ EACH CHARACTER FROM THE FILE
READ CHAR LOX #FCB2 POINTS TO FCB
JSR FMS LOADS ACCA WITH CHAR.
BNE ERR0R6 LOOKS FOR END OF FILE
ELIMINATE MORE THAN ONE CARRIAGE RETURN
TO PREVENT RETURNING TO COMMAND MODE IN
THE SOURCE.
OODF
81
00
OOEl
26
a
0OE3
70
02 70
00E6
26
EF
00E8
C6
FF
OOEA
F7
02 70
OOED
20
03
OOEF
7F
02 70
00F2
F6
EO 40
OOFS
C5
02
OOF 7
27
F9
00F9
B7
EO 41
OOFC
F6
EO 40
OOFF
C5
01
0101
26
14
0103
F6
EO 04
0106
C5
01
0108
27
F2
OlOA
26
73
OlOC
8E
01 EE
NOT_CR
WAIT22
WAIT30
CMPA #$0D
BNE N0T_CR
TST CRFLAG
BNE READ CHAR
LOB #$FF~
STB CRFLAG
BRA WAIT22
CLR CRFLAG
LOB CNTRL
BITB #$02
BEQ WAIT22
STA DATA
LOB CNTRL
BITB #$01
BNE WAIT OVER
LOB TCNTIL
BITB #$01
BEQ WAIT30
BNE ERR66
LDX #TRANSINT
CARRIAGE RETURN?
NO.
WAS LAST A C.R.?
YES SKIP THIS
NO. BUT SKIP
ALL SUBSE-
QUENT C.RS.
CLEAR FLAG
CHECK FOR EMPTY
TRANSMITTER.
NOT READY.
SEND CHARACTER
WAIT FOR ECHO
FROM HOST
ALLOW EXIT FROM
LOOP
TRAP ERROR
TRANSMISSION-
42
MICRO
No. 59 -April 1983
Communications
Glennon Listing (continued)
OlOF
BD CD IE
JSR PSTRNG
INTERRUPTED.
0U2
8E 03 C4
LDX #FCB2
0115
20 20
BRA ERRORS
0117
B6 EO 41
WAIT_OVER LDA DATA
PICK UP
RETURNED CHAR
OUA
81 00
CMPA #$00
ALLOW A CARRIAGE RET.
one
27 OC
BEQ PASS OVER
OIU
81 OA
CMPA #$Off
ALLOW A LINE FEED
0120
27 08
BEQ PASS OVER
0122
81 20
CMPA #$2D"
SCREEN IT
0124
25 10
BLO BAD ECHO
0126
81 7E
CMPA #$7E
ASCII?
0128
22 OC
BHI BAD ECHO
01 2A
F6 EO 04
PASSJVER LDB" TCNTRL TERMINAL READY?
0120
C5 02
BITB #$02
012F
27 F9
BEQ PASS OVER
NOT YET.
0131
B7 EO 05
STA TTJATS"
SEND TO TERMINAL
0134
20 Al
BRA READ CHAR
GET NEXT CHARACTER.
0136
86 7C
BAD ECHO LDA #'t'
BAD ECHO INDICATOR
0138
F6 EO 04
BAOFAD
LOB TCNTRL
TERMINAL READY?
013B
C5 02
BITB #$02
0130
27 F9
BEQ BADBAD
NOT YET
01 3F
B7 EO 05
STA TDATA
SEND TO TERMINAL
0142
20 93
BRA READ_CHAR
TRY NEXT CHARACTER.
0144
A6 01
ERR0R6
LOA 1,X
ERROR CODE
0146
81 08
CMPA #$08
END OF FILE
0148
27 03
BEQ CLOSE SHOF
YES THE END.
014A
BO CO 3F
JSR RPTERR"
REPORT OTHER ERROR
014D
86 04
CLOSE SHOP LDA #$04
CLOSE FILE CODE
014F
A7 84
STA 0,X
0151
BO 04 06
JSR FMS
CLOSE FILE
0154
26 29
BNE ERR66
0156
8E 02 15
LDX #TRANSCOMF
END TRANSMISSION
0159
BD CD IE
JSR PSTRNG
PRINT MSG
01 5C
8E 02 84
LDX #FCB
RESTORE POINTER
015F
16 FE 04
. EXIT
BRA TERM
PROGRAM
RETURN TO MAIN
PROGRAM LOOP.
0162
8E 02 84
DOENO
LDX #FCB
TODAYS RECORD
0165
86 04
LDA #$4
CLOSE FILE CODE
0167
A7 84
STA 0,X
CLOSE THE FILE
0169
BD 04 06
JSR FMS
016C
7E CD 03
JMP WARMS
AND RETURN TO FLEX9
'. DISX
OPERATION ERRORS
. IF THE FILE TODAY.TXT EXISTS IT
MUST BE DELETED.
01 6F
A6 01
ERROR
LDA 1,X
GET ERROR CODE
0171
81 03
CMPA #3
FILE EXISTS?
0173
26 OA
BNE ERR66
NO. REAL TROUBLE
0175
86 OC
■
LDA #12
DELETE FILE
0177
A7 84
STA O.X
0179
BD 04 06
JSR FMS
01 7C
16 FE 81
BRA START
AND TRY AGAIN
01 7F
BD CD 3F
ERR66
JSR RPTERR
REPORT ERROR
0182
BD 04 03
JSR FMSCLS
CLOSE ALL FILES
0185
73 02 71
COM FLAG
CLEAR WRITE FLAG
0188
16 FE AB
BRA TERM
CONTINUE TO RECEIVE
018B
52 45 41 44
READMSG
FCC /READY/
0190
OA 00 00 00
FCB $0A, $00,0,0,0.4
0196
54 59 50 45
PROMPT
FCC /TYPE ANY LETTER TO START/
01 AE
OA QD 00 00
FCB $OA,$OD,0,
0,0,4
01B4
45 4E 54 45
TRANSMSG
FCC /ENTER FILE SPECIFICATION FOR FILE
TO BE
TRANSMITTED./
01E8
OA 00 00 00
FCB $OA,$OD,0,
0,0,4
OlEE
49 4E 54 45
TRANSINT
FCC /INTERRUPT RECEIVED FROM
TERMINAL./
020F
OA 00 00 00
FCB $OA,$OD,0,
0,0,4
0215
54 52 41 4E
TRANSCOMP FCC /TRANSMISSION FILE IS CLOSED./
0231
OA 00 00 00
FCB $OA,$OD,0,
0,0,4
0237
20 20 20 2B
MSGON
FCC / ++++ RECORDING ON ++++/
0250
20 20 20 2A
OFFMSG
FCC / **** RECORDING OFF ****/
026A
OA 00 00 00
FCB $OA,$OD,0,
0,0,4
0270
CRFLAG
RMB I
CARRIAGE RETURN FLAG
0271
FLAG
RMB 1
0272
02 00 00 00
FILSPEC
FCB 2,0,0.0,"TOOAY",0,0,0,"TXT",0,0,0
0284
FCB
RMB 320
RECORD FILE
03C4
FCB2
RMB 320
END
TRANSMIT FILE
0000
END START
- NO
ERRORS THIS
ASSEMBLY.
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Circle No- 61
No. 59 -April 1983
MICRO
43
Communications
A Home-Built
Communications Interface
by John Steiner
Circuitry and techniques to construct
a communications interface. With modifications
could be converted to a telephone modem.
Simple, reliable, and inexpensive design ■
Communication between computers is
rapidly becoming a common-place oc-
currence. More and more people are in-
volved with electronic mail, time shar-
ing, and data base activities. Mechani-
cal radio teletype systems are being re-
placed by modem computer technology,
and the Baudot code is being sup-
planted by ASCn. This article describes
the construction and connection of a
radio teletype modem. Techniques
found here can be applied to any digital
data communications application.
The modem can act as an interface
with any serial RS-232-C device, but
this article describes the process used
to connect it specifically to the TRS-80
Color Computer. In this case the equip-
ment being interfaced is an amateur
radio transceiver; with some changes it
would be possible to convert this
device to a telephone-type modem.
The TRS-80 Color Computer has
proven to be an excellent communica-
tions terminal. It is inexpensive, easily
programmed, and includes an RS-232
output connection. CoCo is well
shielded from external sources of radio
frequency interference and causes little
of its own. After reading several articles
in various periodicals and books, Ken
Christiansen (WOCZ) and I decided we
would like to experiment with radio
teletype (RTTY). We selected a basic
demodulator design from the National
Semiconductor Data Book. The modu-
lator is modified from a basic circuit by
Rodney Colton (WAISXWJ in an article
in QST magazine, September 1981.
In our research, we found several in-
teresting articles and books. The biblio-
graphy lists those that were especially
helpful to us in learning about RTTY.
Ken and I were interested in communi-
cating via two meters, so frequency off-
sets were designed around the VHP
convention of 170 Hz frequency shift.
The mark frequency is 2125 Hz and
space is 2295 Hz. Also included is a
voltage-regulator circuit that ensures
stability of operation of the PLL cir-
cuits. The modems have been used oc-
casionally on the high-frequency
bands, but a lack of filtering hampers
their performance. One of these units
has been used with excellent results
with audio filtering preceding the
demodulator.
Total cost for all components, if
purchased new, should be $25 to $35,
depending on final configuration and
cabinet. The modem is designed to be
powered from a 14-volt or higher DC
source. A simple supply can be built for
under $20, if one is not available. I use
an inexpensive CB radio-power supply,
Demodulatoi Circuit
The simple FSK demodulator uses a
565 phase-lock loop IC and is a modi-
fied circuit originally found in the NS
data book. The circuit has excellent
stability and has worked flawlessly for
several months now, IC 1 (see figure 1|
is the PLL. The circuit is adjusted with
R5 and R6 to be between the high
(mark) and low (space) frequencies.
Figure 1
SPKR
D^
SPKO
ON
J2 - SWI j^ Qpp
IN -1~
IN
J1
+ 12V
If R9 Rio I
i i "^T ^
Tnor
44
MICRO
No, 59 -April 1983
Communications
Mark and space audio tones input to C2
cause the PLL output (pin 7) to be
higher or lower than a reference voltage
(pin 6). IC2, a comparator, compares
the voltages and responds with a logic
zero or logic one at the output (pin 2).
A few features have been added to
the circuit to make it more versatile.
R5 is mounted on the front panel and is
a fine-frequency adjustment used to
time the PLL precisely to the input
frequency. LEDl allows a visual indica-
tion of the data itiput. In practice, R5 is
adjusted until the LED blinks with the
changing data. Once the LED is blink-
ing, you merely adjust for intelligible
data on the CRT. Incorrect adjustment
of R5 causes the LED to remain either
on or off. Ql is an inverter that reverses
the state of the output logic, ensuring
compatibility with any transmission
standard. J2 is provided to connect an
external speaker, making it easy to use
the earphone jack on the transceiver
and allowing you to monitor the in-
coming signal. SWl can turn off the
speaker once communication is
established.
To adjust the demodulator, place a
2210 Hz signal on the input. Set R5 to
midrange, then adjust R6 until the LED
changes state as you turn the poten-
tiometer back and forth. Check to see
that the LED changes state as you bring
the audio frequency between mark and
space frequencies. If you cannot adjust
the output within range, you may have
to change R15 slightly.
Modulator Ciicuit
The modulator circuit uses a 566
PLL IC as a frequency generator. The
input to the modulator is serial binary
data from the computer. A high causes
the mark frequency to be sent, and a
low causes the space frequency to be
sent. Ql is an inverter that allows the
logic to be inverted. If you have soft-
ware that can complement the output
data, these associated components can
be removed. Q2 is a switch that is used
to change output frequency. When the
modulator is receiving a high, this
switch is on. Frequency is determined
by the specific adjustments of R7 and
R8 and the voltage divider of R9
through R12. When the input goes low,
Q2 shuts off, switching R7 and R8 out
of the circuit. During space, RIO and
the associated divider resistors deter-
mine the output frequency.
To adjust the circuit, ground the in-
put. This switches R7 and R8 out of the
circuit. Adjust RIO for the space fre-
quency at the output as measiured on a
frequency counter. Put + 5 volts on the
input and adjust R8 to midrange and
tune R7 until the output is at the mark
frequency. Ground the input again and
recheck space frequency. You will
notice some interaction between the
mark and space controls. Only slight
adjustments will be required. As with
the demodulator, you may have to
change the value of R9 slightly if you
cannot get the potentiometers within
range. The entire process of adjusting
the modem takes much less time to do
than it does to describe!
SW2, a tone on/off switch, has been
included to kill the tone without
actually powering down the modem.
As the unit warms up, it drifts very
slightly. Let it run for a few minutes
before making adjustments. Any drift
in the demodulator is taken care of
easily with the front panel control.
Once warm, it is completely stable. We
have had no long-term drift problems
with the circuit.
Powei Supply Regulator
The modem has a regulator circuit
that helps stabilize the PLL circuits.
+ 12V
Q
03
RS"
. R7 R9 ;
R10 '
H11
R12
C3 -r
Figure 2
R16 SW2 ON
-o »o v"
7^
No. 59- April 1983
MICRO
45
Communications
The heart of the circuit is a three-
terminal IC — an LM 317 adjustable
positive regulator. The circuit must
have at least two volts more at the in-
put than required at the output to re-
tain regulation. The IC should be heat-
sinked if you apply a very high input
voltage. My regulator circuit gets its
power from a 15-volt supply and does
not run warm even without a heat sink.
A power switch is included so that the
main power supply can be left on for
other purposes.
To adjust the circuit, connect a
voltmeter to the output and adjust Rl
until the meter reads 12 volts. Be sure
to adjust the power supply output
voltage before attempting to adjust the
modem.
Construction
None of the circuits are critical, and
they can be wired on printed circuit or
perf board as desired. We have had
three units constructed using the same
basic circuit; even though the layouts
have been totally different, each has
worked without any problems for several
months. You should use a metal
cabinet if you plan to run the unit in
high RP fields. We have not noticd any
particular RFI problems with our units.
Jacks and cable connectors that match
the appropriate connectors on the
transmitting device are required.
Interfacing the Modem
The connection between the Color
Computer and modem is through the
RS-232 jack marked SERIAL I/O on the
rear panel of the computer. The easiest
way to obtain the required four-pin
DIN plug is to order the Radio Shack
printer cable. If you cut it exactly in
two, you will have two four-pin cables
that can be used as I/O connections.
The cable has color-coded conductors
that are connected as follows:
Red to ground of modem
Green to output of demodulator
White to input of modulator
Yellow to positive voltage
Connection to the transmitter is via
the audio output or external speaker
jack. This connection goes between
ground and the demodulator input. The
modulator output coimects between
ground and the microphone or auxiliary
input jack on the transceiver. In my
particular installation, I ordered an ex-
ternal microphone for the handi-talkie,
and installed a mini-stereo jack in it
since I didn't want to drill into the
case. As an added convenience, I con-
nected the extra conductor in the stereo
jack to the PTT line inside the micro-
phone. This line is controlled by a
switch on the modem marked XMIT,
and allows me to remain in transmit
without holding in the PTT switch.
When Ken and I completed the con-
struction of the two modems, the only
available software we knew about was
Radio Shack's VIDEOTEX terminal
program. This machine-language pro-
gram operates at 300 baud ASCII with
even parity protocol. Ken and I were
assiored of private transmissions as we
were the only RTTY stations in the
area with 300-baud capability. The
modem operates at this speed with no
problems, vmder normal two-meter
reception conditions.
One evening I heard from a friend
who spends much time on RTTY. He
had just finished a contact with a sta-
tion that was using a TRS-80C on 60
WPM Baudot, the standard used mostly
on HF. Bill (WOLHS) told me that a
radio ham was communicating with
several individuals, all with color com-
puters. He told of sending programs
back and forth between terminals and
informed me that the software they
were using was called RTTYCW, writ-
ten by K6AEP. Coincidentally Ken had
just sent for a RTTY program he read
about. His order to Clay Abrams Soft-
ware was the same program —
RTTYCW. It is capable of 60, 75, 100,
and 110 WPM Baudot, as weU as 50,
75, 100, 150, and 300 baud ASCn. The
program will also send and receive
morse code at 1 to 99 words per
minute.
There are four message buffers and
12K transmit and receive buffers in a
32K CoCo. If you have a 16K machine,
you are limited to a buffer size of about
4K. The transmit buffers can be loaded
via tape, and all buffers can be saved to
tape for loading at start-up time.
By loading a program saved in ASCII
format into the transmit buffer, you
can transmit that program to a receiver
where it can be saved to tape. Then you
can load the tape into the computer at a
later time and resave it in standard for-
mat. If you want a hard copy of the
text, all buffers can be sent to the
printer. In short, I carmot say enough
about the quality and capability of this
software. It has all of the features I
wanted when I thought of writing my
own program.
The Color Computer is easy to in-
terface, and the simple modem circuit
has provided me with many hours of
fun and education. The easy-to-adjust
circuit can be built in just a few hours
at little expense. If you have any ques-
tions or problems with construction,
you may contact me at the address
below, or on the Color Computer NET.
This net meets at 2000 hours UTC Sun-
days on 14.343 Mhz, and I try to check
in regularly. If you write, please
enclose a stamped, self-addressed
envelope for a reply.
Bibliography
1. ARPL Staff, "Radio Amateurs Hand-
book," American Radio Relay
League, 1982.
2. Carr, Joseph J., "The UART," Com-
puteis and Programming, September
1981.
3. Colton, Rondey, "A PLL Demodu-
lator and Modulator," Q,ST
Magazine, September 1981.
4. Dejong, Marvin L., "Morse Code
Send/Receive Program," Best of
MICRO, Volume 3.
5. Henry, George W., Jr., "ASCII
Baudot and Radio Amateur, " QST
Magazine, September 1980.
6. Rouleau and Hodgson, Packet Radio,
Tab Books, 1981.
You may contact John Steiner at iMlS
WBONFX, 508 Fourth Ave. NW, Riverside,
ND 58078.
46
MICRO
No. 59- April 1983
Communications
PET-to-PET Communications
by F. Arthur Cochrane
This article describes a
machine-language program to
transfer an array from one PET
to another over the User Port.
I have developed a method to com-
municate data between two Com-
modore PETs. Two PETs (PET A and
PET B) are needed for on-line data col-
lection and simultaneous graphic dis-
play and real-time monitoring of a
chemical separations process. The
tasks for PET A are instrument set-up,
data collection, and data storage on
disk. Tasks for PET B are graphic
display, and reading and storing infor-
mation on disk. The data for each
transfer between PETs are limited to 14
floating-point values. For this applica-
tion communication was necessary in
only one direction — from PET A to
PET B.
The Method
I employed the user port on the PET
to transfer 8-bit data. Table 1 describes
the user port signals. The CB2 and CAl
lines are used for handshaking the data.
The sender sets the 8-bit port for output
mode and the receiver for input mode.
Table 1: User Port Signals
PET
Connections Signal
A Ground
B CAl - Input Handshake
Line
C Most Significant Data
Line PA7
D Data Line PA6
E Data Line PAS
F Data Line PA4
H Data Line PA3
J Data Line PA2
K Data Line PAl
L Least Significant Data
Line PAO
M CB2 - Output
Handshake Line
N Ground
The CB2 line from the sender is con-
nected to the CAl line of the receiver
and acts as a Data Ready signal. The
CB2 line from the reciever is connected
to the CAl line of the sender and acts as
a Data Accepted signal. The wiring
hookup is shown in figure 1 .
I could have transferred the data
from the BASIC program with PEEKs and
POKEs. But for this application, I wrote
a simple machine-lanugage program
that transfers data much faster and
allows the PETs to spend most of their
time collecting data and doing numeric
calculations, and very little time with
the PET-to-PET communication.
The data sent are the first 14 ele-
ments of the first dimensioned real ar-
ray. This puts the restriction on the
BASIC program that the first dimen-
sioned array in the program is the one
to be sent or received.
The set-up code for the sender (a
SYS 637 command in the program
listed) sets CB2 high, sets the data
direction register for input, and clears
CAl. When the sender wishes to send
data, a SYS 634 is initiated in the
sender code.
The set-up code for the receiver (a
SYS 640 command in the program
listed) sets CB2 high, sets the data
direction register for input, and clears
CAl. Also, the machine code changes
the IRQ vector on the reciever to point
to the machine-language routine that
checks for a Data Ready signal from the
sender.
The data are received in the receiver
during the 60-Hz keyboard-scan rou-
tine, independent of action by the
BASIC program. This is done by check-
ing for a Diata Ready from the sender
each scan. If data are not ready, the nor-
mal keyboard scan functions as nor-
mal. If data are ready, the receiver code
is executed, after which the keyboard-
scan code continues. Because the data
are received independently of the
BASIC program, the receiver program
must be able to determine whether or
not new data have been sent. This is
done by using the zero element of the
array as a flag. The receiver sets the
zero element to zero, and the sender
Figure 1. PET to PET Connection
-{>
sets it to minus one. These numbers
are chosen because PET BASIC takes a
value of zero in decisions to be false
and a minus one to be true. In an IF
statement the receiver PET can check
the zero element. If it is minus one,
new data have been sent and can be
copied to a safe location and the zero
element flag can be reset to zero.
Limitations
Although the sender PET can send
information faster than the receiver
PET needs it, in this application the
sender spends most of its time collec-
ting data and the receiver can plot them
very quickly. This is not a problem if
only the latest data are needed. If a
future problem arises, additional
coding in the program can be used to
solve it. The additional machine code
could check the zero element to see if it
No. 59 -April 1983
MICRO
47
Communications
is still minus one from the previous
communication, in which case the
receiver would not do the communica-
tion until it becomes zero.
The current program can be expanded
only to send forty-nine elements of an
array because the Y register of the 6502
microprocessor is used as a counter.
This problem can be overcome by
placing a two-byte counter in memory.
Description of ProgTams
The first three instructions in lines
1090 to 1110 of the machine code
(listing 1) form a jump table. The next
group of instructions in lines 1130 to
1170 set up the PET as a sender. After
that, lines 1190 to 1250 set up the PET
as a receiver. The PET IRQ routine for
the receiver starts in line 1280. Lines
1270 to 1320 look for the first Data
Ready from the sender by checking the
CAl interrupt flag. The macro in line
1350 loops for the number of bytes to
receive. The receiver code waits for a
Data Ready, gets the data, and sends a
Data Accepted. Line 1420 is the macro
that loops for the number of bytes to
send. The sender code writes the data,
sends a Data Ready, and waits for a
Data Accepted. Lines 1500 to 1550
detects a Data Ready or Data Accepted.
Data are read or written in lines 1 730 to
1820, using the array pointer.
This machine code is for BASIC 2.0
and loads into Cassette Buffer I . To use
the code with BASIC 4.0, the keyboard
scan address must be changed from
$E62E to $E455 and the return to
BASIC READY from $C389 to $B3FF.
The sample BASIC listing consists of
two programs. Lines 100 to 260 form a
sender program, and lines 270 to 380
form a receiver program. After the ma-
chine code has been loaded into both
PETs, the BASIC program (listing 2) is
run by the sequence given in the re-
marks in lines 120 to 160 of the program.
Conclusion
This program shows how easy it is
to expand the firmware of the Commo-
dore PET to implement new functions.
EPROMs can be added to the hardware
for these expanded firmware programs.
This program also shows how machine
language can improve the speed of the
PET, and have a program function in-
dependently of a BASIC program.
Acknowledgements
The information contained in this
article was developed during the course
of work under Contract No. DE-AC09-
76SR00001 with the U.S. Department
of Energy.
You may contact Mr. Cochrane at E.I. du
Pont de Nemours &. Co., Savannah River
Laboratory, Aiken, SC 29808.
Listing 1
Listing
1 (Continued)
0010 ;THE SENDER PET
SENDS THE FIRST FIW'EEN (0-l4) ELEMENTS OF
0570
AND ...REG
0020
; THE FIRST DIMENSIONED ARRAY
0580
STA ...REG
0030
0590
.ME
0040
;THE RECEIVER PET RECEIVES DATA ALSO IN THE FIRST ARRAY
0600
0050
0610 ;SET IRQ VECTOR TO NEW VALUE
0060
i SYS 634 - SEND DATA
0620 IMSET.IRQ
.MD (...VECTOR)
0070
0630
SEI
; DISABLE IRQ'S
0080
; SYS 637 - SET UP SENDER PET
0640
LDA i)IL,... VECTOR
0090
0650
STA »IRQ
OICO
; SYS 640 - SET UP RECEIVER PET
0660
LDA *H,... VECTOR
0110
0670
STA »IRQ1
0120
;THE RECEIVER PET GETS DATA DURING THE KEJBOARD SCAN.
0680
CLI
; RESTORE IRQ'S
0130
;THE RECEIVER PET CAN DETECT IF NEW DATA HAS BEEN RECEIVED
0690
.ME
Olio
; BY CHECKING THE ZERO ELEMENT OF THE ARRAY. IF NEW DATA
0700
0150
; HAS BEEN RECEIVED THEN MOVE IT AND RESET THE
0710
LOOP ROUTINE FOR SENDING AND RECEIVING
0160
; ZERO ELEMENT.
0720
i:loop
.MD (...FIRST ...SECOND ...THIRD)
0170
0730
SEI
; DISABLE IRQ'S
0180
;IF THE PET HANGS UP AND THE STOP KEY DOES NOT FUNCTION
0740
LDY SCOUNTER
; SETUP POINTER TO Af
0190
i USE THE KEY TO RETURN TO READY.
0750
..AGAIN
JSR ...FIRST
0200
0760
JSR ...SECOND
0210
POINTER .DE 44
START OF ARRAYS
0770
JSR ...THIRD
0220
IRQ .DE $90
PET IRQ VECTOR
0780
DEY
; DECREMENT THE COUNl
0230 READY .DE $C389
WARM START OF BASIC
0790
BPL ...AGAIN
; INCLUDES ZERO
0240 PET. IRQ .DE IE62E
PET IRQ ROUTINE
0800
CLI
; RESTORE IRQ'S
0250
PIAK .DE 59410
KEJbOARD PORT
0810
RTS
0260
0820
.ME
0270
; HEADER BYTES/ELEMENT » ELEMENTS MOVED - ONE I.F.SS
0830
0280
; 7 5 » 15 - 1
0840
0290
COUNTER .DE 775-1 ;BYTES TO TRANSFER
0850
.BA 634
; FIRST CASSETTE BUFI
0300
0860
.CE
; CONTINUE IF ERRORS
0310
HDATA .DE 59457
DATA WITH HANDSHAKE
0870
0320
DDR .DE 59459
DATA DIRECTION REG
0880
.PR PET TO PET COMMUNICATION
0330
AUXREG .DE 59467
AUXILLARY CONTROL REG
0890
0340
PCREG .DE 59468
PERIPHERAL CONTROL REG
0900
0350
IFREG .DE 59469
INTERRUPT FUG REG
0910
.PR STORE OBJECT CODE? (ONO, lYES)
0360 DATA .DE 59471
DATA REG
0920
OBJ
.IN OBJ
0370
0930
IFN OBJ
0380
;SET REGISTER 3 FOR INPUT OR OUTPUT
0940
.OS
0390
l!!SET.DIR .MD (...DIR)
0950
tttttt
0400
LDA ||I...DIR
0960
0410
STA DDR
0970
.PR LISTING OUTPUT'
(ONO, lYES)
0420
.ME
0980
LISTIT
.IN LISTIT
0430
0990
IFN LISTIT
0440
;SET BITS IN SPECIFIED REGISTER WHICH CORRESPOND WITH
1000
.LS
0450
il'S IN MASK.
1010
.PR EXPAND MACROS?
(ONO, lYES)
0460
IIISET.BIT .MD (...MASK ...REG)
1020
EXPAND
.IN EXPAND
0470
LDA III... MASK
1030
IFN EXPAND
0480
ORA ...REG
1040
.ES
0490
STA ...REG
1050
tttttt
0500
.ME
1060
###
0510
1070
0520
;CLEAR BITS IN SPECIFIED REGISTER WHICH CORRESPOND
1080
;JTJMP TABLE
0530
;WITH I'S IN MASK.
027A- 4C EC 02
1090
JMP SEND. MAIN
;SYS 634 FOR SENDINC
0540
IIICLR.BIT .MD (...MASK ...REG)
027D- 4C 83 02
1100
JMP BEGIN. S
;SYS 637 FOR SENDER
0550
LDA III... MASK
0280- 4C 9E 02
1110
JMP BEGIN. R
;SYS 640 FOR RECEIVI
0560
EOR rtllllllll
•INVERT MASK
1120
48
MICRO
No. 59 -April 1983
Communications
Listing 1 (Continued)
1130 BEGIN. S SET. BIT (JlllOOOOO PCREG) ;SET CB2 HIGH
0283- A9 EO
0285- OD 4C E8
0288- 8D 4C E8
ll4o
028B-
028D-
A9 FF
8D 43 E8
1150
02A6-
02A8-
02C0- 78
02C1- A9 CE
02C3- 85 90
02C5- A9 02
02C7- 85 91
02C9- 58
02CA- 60
02CB-
02CE-
02D0-
02D3-
02D5-
02D8-
iC 2E E6
A9 02
20 AD E8
FO F6
20 DB 02
iC CB 02
SET.DIR (JUlllllll) ;SET FOB OUTPUT
CLR.BIT (itOOOlllOO AUXREG) ;DISABLE SHIFT REGIS
0290- A9 10
0292- 49 FF
0294- 2D AB E8
0297- 8D 4B E8
029A- AD 41 E8
029D- 60
029E- A9 EO
02A0- OD 4C E8
02A3- BD 4C E8
1160
1170
1180
1190 BEGIN. R
1200
A9 00
8D 43 E8
1210
LDA HDATA ; CLEARS CAl
RTS
SET. BIT (JlllOOOOO PCREG) ;SET CB2 HIGH
SET.DIR (JOOOOOOOO) ;SET FOR INPUT
CLR.BIT (JOOOlllOO AUXREG) ;DISABLE SHIFT REGIS
02AB-
A9 IC
02AD-
49 FF
02AF-
2D 4b E8
02B2-
8D 4B E8
02B5-
AD 41 E8
1220
1230
02B8-
A9 01
02BA-
OD 4B E8
02BD-
8D 4b E8
1240
LDA HDATA ; CLEARS CAl
SET. BIT (itOOOOOOOl AUXREG) ;ENABLE LATCHING OF
SET. IRQ (LOOK) ; CHANGE PET IRQ VECTOR
RTS
1250
1260
1270 PETROUT
1280 LOOK
1290
1300
1310
1320
1330
1340 ;KAIN RECEIVER ROUTINE
1350 REC.MAIN LOOP (WAIT. CAl RECEIVE SEND.CB2
JMP PET. IRQ
LDA WOOOOOOIO
BIT IFREG
BEQ PETROUT
JSR REC.MAIN
JMP PETROUT
;T0 PET IRQ ROUTINE
;CA1 NOT SET SO NO DATA RE
; FINISH UP PET IRQ ROUTINE
02DB- 78
02DC- AO 51
02DE- 20 FD 02
02E1- 20 27 03
02E4- 20 OA 03
02E7- 88
02E8- 10 F4
02EA- 58
02EB- 60
1360
1370 ;1. WAIT FOR DATA READY
1380 i2. GET DATA & CLEAR CAl
1390 ;3. SEND DATA ACCEPTED
1400
1410 ;MAIN SENDER ROUTINE
l420 SEND. MAIN LOOP (SENDER SEND.CB2 WAIT. CAl)
02EC- 78
02ED- AO 51
02EF- 20 IF 03
02F2- 20 OA 03
02F5- 20 FD 02
02F8- 88
02F9- 10 F4
02FD- A9 02
02FF- 2C 12 E8
0302- 10 29
0304- 2C 4d E8
0307- FO F6
0309- 60
030A- 20 16 03
030D- EA
030E- EA
030F- EA
0310- EA
0311- EA
0312- 20 16 03
0315- 60
Listing 1 (Contin
02FB- 58
02FC- 60
14^0
1450
1460
1470
1480
1490
1500
1510
1520
1530
1540
1550
1560
1570
1580
1590
1600
1610
1620
1630
1640
1650
1660
1670
1680
1690
1700
1710
1720
1730
1740
1750
1760
1770
1780
1790
1800
1810
1820
1830
1840
1850
1860
1870
1880
1890
1900
END OF MAE PASS I
LABEL FILE: -
AUXREG E84B
COUNTER 0051
ESCAPE 032D
IFREG E84D
LOOK 02CE
PCREG E84C
PIAK E812
REC.MAIN 02DB
SEND. MAIN 02EC
WAIT. CAl 02FD
//OOOO, 0331, 0331
ued)
0316-
0318-
031B-
031E-
031F-
0321-
0323-
A9 20
4D 4C E8
8D 4C E8
60
Bl 2C
49 FF
8D 41 E8
0326- 60
;1. WRITE DATA & CLEAR CAl
;2. SEND DATA READY
;3. WAIT FOR DATA ACCEPTED
;WAIT FOR CAl TO BE SET
WAIT. CAl LDA iCjtOOOOOOlO
LOOP BIT PIAK
BPL ESCAPE
BIT IFREG
BEQ LOOP
RTS
;SEND DATA READY OR DATA ACCEPTED
SEND.CB2 JSR TOGGLE. CB2
NOP ;D
NOP
NOP
NOP
NOP
JSR TOGGLE. CB2
RTS
jSET CB2 TO REVERSE STATE
TOGGLE. CB2 LDA WOOIOOOOO
EOR PCREG
STA PCREG
RTS
;SET DATA TO SEND OUT
SENDER LDA (POINTER), Y
EOR Wllllllll
STA HDATA
RTS
MASK TO READ CAl
TEST FOR PANIC KEY
IF KEY THEN SIGN BIT SI ;
jLOOP IF CAl NOT SET
MASK FOR CB2 OUTPUT CON ;
TOGGLE BIT 5 i
WHICH CHANGES CB2 HIGHL |
0327-
032A-
032C-
032D-
032E-
AD 41 E8
91 2C
60
58
4C 89 C3
; INVERT FOR INVERTERS
; CLEARS CAl
; CLEARS CAl
; STORE DATA RECEIVED
RECEIVE LDA HDATA
STA ( POINTER), Y
RTS
; ESCAPE CODE IF PANIC KEY () PRESSED
ESCAPE CLI
JMP READY ;HETURN TO BASIC
.EN
BEGIN. R 029E
DATA E84F
EXPAND 0001
IRQ 0090
LOOP 02FF
PET. IRQ E62E
POINTER 002C
RECEIVE 0327
SENDER 031F
BEGIN. S 0283
DDR E843
HDATA E841
LISTIT 0001
OBJ 0000
PETROUT 02CB
READY C389
SEND.CB2 030A
TOGGLE. CB2 0316
Listing 2
leO REM PET TO PET TEST PRCiGRRM
lie REM SENDER PROGRRM
120 SVS 637: REM SET UP FOR SEND
130 PRIHT"HaS9::0NT3in" :STOP
140 DIM X<:6:>:REM DEFINE RRRRV TO SEND
150 FOR I=e TO 6:REHD »: I > :HEXT :REM LORD
TO SEND
160 SVS 634JREM SEND DRTR
170 END
180 DRTR -1 ,1 ,2,3,4,5,6
190 REM
200 REM RECEIVER PROGRRM
210 SVS640:REM SET UP FOR RECEIVING
220 PRINT"SISSBK:0NT3Xn" :STuP
230 DIM ;<';6> :;-':';et:i=e :TB=34
240 F0RI = 1 TO 6:X<i:)=0:NEXT
250 PRINT"3aj9::URRENT RRRRV ELEMENTS""
260 FOR 1 = 1 TO 6 : PR I NTX C I .) : NEXT
270 IF X';8:) THEN PRINT"3":F0R 1 = 1 T
: NEXT : PR I NT " asPRRR V RECE I VED " : X < O y =0
2S0 PRINT"g";TflB<TB:);"fl":TI*.:
290 OOTO270
6. -print;'
No. 59 -April 1983
MICRO
49
Communications
Multi-Microprocessor Tidbits
by Mike Rosing
Running a 6502 and 6809 in the same computer
simultaneously creates a powerful device.
This article describes problems you might encounter
and a general description of a specific task
for which two processors were used.
Watching two 300-baud lines simul-
taneously and recalling each record
that comes over those lines is easy with
a multiprocessing system. By using two
Asynchronous Communication Interface
Adaptors (ACIAs) connected to an Ap-
ple's Interrupt Request Line (IRQ) and a
Stellation Two 6809 board, the data
collection is done in background and
the data display is done in foreground.
Some problems running two micros
simultaneously include waking up,
communication, and debugging. The
major problem is finding a 6809 assem-
bler for the Apple. At the time I pur-
chased the Stellation Two board there
was no software. Now you can get a
very nice assembler and debugger from
Stellation Two for about $150.
I bought the assembler package that
runs under the UCSD p-System from
Softech Microsystems. It works on the
Apple Pascal system but is difficult to
transfer from the 8-inch floppy (with no
paper work to tell how to read the disk)
to the Apple 5 i4-inch floppy. The assem-
bler also has several bugs. For $12,000
Softech will release the source listing
but they won't fix the bugs for you!
The hardware consists of an Apple n
with a 16K board in slot zero. The
board was modified by breaking a tie
and soldering a circle on the Apple 16K
board to allow use of 2716 EPROMs.
When the Apple is turned on the 2716
holds the reset vector enabling the
Apple to become a dedicated machine.
The Stellation Two 6809 board has an
EPROM slot built in so no modification
of that board is necessary. The ACIAs
are mounted on an Apple prototype
board along with a few chips for buffers
and logic for chip selection.
Each 300-baud line is terminated in
a line receiver chip. The receiver out-
puts go to two Synertek ACIAs. After
building the board with two crystals I
learned that four ACIAs could be run
with one crystal by using the clock out-
puts on the chips and programming the
ACIAs correctly. It is possible to talk
and listen to four serial lines using the
multiprocessing system described here.
The wake-up routine for each com-
puter is different. When Reset is pressed
the 6502 is on and the 6809 is off. The
6502 executes the following code to turn
the 6809 on (note that all interrupt lines
are high before the 6809 is turned on):
SLOT
IRQ02
HALT
RESET
NMI
FIRQ
IRQ
ROM
EQU 70
EQU C080
EQU C081
EQU C082
EQU C083
EQU C084
EQU C085
EQU C086
+ SLOT
+ SLOT
+ SLOT
+ SLOT
+ SLOT
+ SLOT
+ SLOT
SWAP EQU C087 + SLOT
;most significant bit of each
what lines will do
;6809 slot pos. (ex.)
;6502 IRQ line
;6809 halt line
;6809 reset line
•,6809 non-maskable
interrupt line
;6809 fast interrupt In
;6809 interrupt reqst In
;on bd ROM enable bit
for Stellation Two
.switches A1 5 to be
opposite or same
as 6502
location determines
STA IRQ02
6502 interrupt goes out invert gate
LDA #80
raise
STA FIRQ
all 6809
STA IRQ
interrupt
STA NMI
lines
STA SWAP
tells 6809 bd that A15 isn't flipped
both CPU s view RAM the same way
STA ROM
80 • ROM slot used, 00 • not used
STA HALT
6809 on and
STA RESET
going through reset procedure
When the 6502 reaches the last instruc-
tion the 6809 is on and running. The
6502 goes at about l/5th its normal
pace and the 6809 goes at full speed.
The 6809 wake-up routine is sim-
ple. As shown below, the 6809 defines
its stacks, turns on the ACIAs and then
unmasks its IRQ line.
WAKEUP ORCC #50H
LDU #USRSTK
LDS #SYSSTK
CLR STATUS
CLR STATUS + 4
LDA #16H
STA CNTRL
STACNTRL + 4
LDA#1
STA CMD
STA CMD + 4
CLRA
TFR A,DP
ANDCC #OEFH
;mask interrupts
;set up
;stack pointers
;set up
ACIAs with
;1 stop, 8 data bits
;300 baud
",no parity
ireceiver interrupt
lenabled
;transmitter disabled
;set direct page
;same as Apple's zero pg
;enable IRQ
LDA#0
STA HALT
STA RESET
;ensure that
6809 is
:off
The addresses used depend on the logic
used to get to each ACIA. These can be
set using equates at the beginning of
the code file.
The background task of collecting
data from two serial lines is accom-
plished using interrupts from the
ACIAs to the 6502 and the IRQ line
from the 6502 to the 6809. This allows
the operator to view call data from two
hours ago at the same time new calls
are coming in.
Once eight bits have been collected,
either ACIA pulls the IRQ low to the
6502. The 6502 vectors to the interrupt
handler and checks each ACIA to see
which one is requesting service. If both
ACIAs are requesting service, then IRQ
will not clear and the 6502 will vector
to the interrupt handler again. At 300
baud there is no loss of data for an inter-
rupt handler that takes less than 30
50
MICRO
No. 59 -April 1983
Communications
milliseconds. When the 6809 is the
master computer, the 6502 runs at
about l/5th normal speed. An average
instruction takes four clock cycles on
the 6502. Taking 5 » IE - 6 seconds as a
clock cycle and 4»5E-6 seconds as an
instruction (on average), the total
number of instructions before loss of
datais3E-2/2E-5 = 1.5E + 3. The in-
terrupt handler in my system uses only
50 instructions. This allows plenty of
time for foreground.
The beginning of the interrupt
handler for the 6502 is shown below.
After saving the registers, each ACIA
must be polled to find which one is re-
questing service. Reading the status
register of the 6551 ACIA clears the in-
terrupt. The most significant bit tells
the 6502 if the interrupt came from the
device polled.
INTRPT PHA
TYA
PHA
TXA
PHA
BIT P1STUS
BMI B0X1
:save
;all
iregisters
port 1 status checked
if N bit set then ACIA 1
gave interrupt
BITP1STUS + 4 ;port 2 status checked
BMI B0X2 ;ifN bit set then ACIA 2
gave interrupt
LDA ERMSG :if neither set then there
was an error
JMP PRNTMSG ;so tell operator and
then stop
After saving the byte into the buffer
and incrementing the buffer pointer,
the 6502 pulls all registers from the
stack and executes RTI. The error mes-
sage at the end is for debugging pur-
poses. The IRQ from the 6809 to the
6502 goes through an inverting gate; this
caused some problems before discovery.
At the end of each serial line the
computer sends a start of text (STX)
and end of text (ETX) for each message.
The 6502 reads an entire message from
STX to ETX and saves this to an input
buffer. Upon receiving an ETX, it saves
the line number in a common location
and pulls the 6809 IRQ. The 6809
checks which line has sent a completed
message and then processes that buffer.
There are many choices for the 6809, so
its interrupt handler is over 250 in-
structions. Since the 6809 is the master
CPU it takes about the same time as 50
instructions on the 6502. The 6809 also
has more foreground tasks to do than
the 6502. Both programs fit in 2K
EPROMs, The rest of memory is used
for record storage.
The beginning of the 6809 interrupt
handler is shown below. A mailbox
system is used to tell the 6809 which
buffer to take care of. Since the IRQ is
masked on vectoring to the interrupt,
levels of interrupt are not allowed
without unmasking. Because the oper-
ation of two 300-baud lines is slow, no
attempt was made to make this system
that complex.
INTRPT
LDA #80H
; raise
STA IRQ
;6809 IRQ line
LDA IJOB
;box 1 or 2?
STA TJOB
;save in case another
interrupt is coming in fast
BNE B0X2
;non zero for box 2, zero
for box 1
LDD B1IB
;X reg is
BRA GTBUF
;input buffer
B0X2
LDD B2IB
pointer
GTBUF
EXG A,B
;swap byte sex (this is
important!)
TFR D,X
;now have input buffer ptr
NEGB
;go back to first char
LDA B,X
;get first char in buffer
The location IJOB is the mailbox.
TJOB is a temporary storage location in
case another interrupt is attempted
from the other box. BlIB (Box 1 Input
alone, it is easy to step through the
input buffer. When B is zero, the end of
the buffer has been reached.
The memory is organized with two
256-byte buffers for the input
messages. Above those are two IK buf-
fers for "live calls." These are 32 slots
(one for each phone line], which are 32
bytes each. When a call is finished, the
slot corresponding to that line is packed
in BCD format into the top of memory.
This region is actually a ring buffer that
holds about 2400 calls. As more calls
come in, old calls are lost.
The operator can examine either
live calls or past calls by using menu
commands. The 6502 constantly polls
the keyboard in foreground and when a
key is pressed the processor compares
the key to the acceptable commands.
The 6502 then jumps to the routine
that gathers the data the 6809 fore-
ground program needs. For example,
searching past records for all calls to
area code 307 requires the 6502 to put
the message "AREACODE?" on the
screen. The 6502 then reads the key-
board for the area code and saves it to a
common zero-page location. The 6809
is constantly checking a common loca-
tion known as a mailbox. As long as the
mailbox is zero the 6809 foreground
has little to do. Once the 6502 gets the
area code into a common buffer it puts
a job number into the mailbox. The
6502 then goes to an input routine that
controls the paging of records (since
only 24 lines are visible on the screen at
a time].
"When the 6809 is the master computer,
the 6502 runs at about 1/5th normal speed."
Buffer) and B2IB are 6502 zero-page
pointers that tell the 6502 where to put
the next input character. The 6809 uses
these as pointers to the input buffers as
well as for the length of the message in
the buffer. By incrementing the B
register and leaving the X register
The foreground codes for the 6502
and 6809 are similar. The 6502 scans
the keyboard location to see if any key
has been pressed. The 6809 scans a
mailbox to see if any jobs have been re-
quested. In the meantime the back-
ground is rurming via interrupts. The
No. 59 -April 1983
MICRO
51
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6809 foreground code is shown in the
next code listing. Once the 6502 has
collected all the data from the operator,
it sends the 6809 a job number via a
JOBBOX. The 6809 continuously scans
the JOBBOX until a non-zero value
appears via the 6502. It uses this job
number as an index into a pointer table,
and the job is executed as a subroutine.
The code is written as relocatable,
which really is not necessary for the
job at hand. (This is only one of many
ways to communicate between the two
computers.)
JOBBOX EQU 4
START LDA JOBBOX
BEG START
ASLA
LEAX JMPVECPCR
LDX A,X
LEAY WAKEUP.PCR
TFR Y,D
JSR D,X
BRA START
JMPVEC WORD DUMMY
WORD J0B1
WORD J0B2
WORD J0B3
;zero pg for both
6502 and 6809
;any jobs?
;loop till there is
;convert job number
to offset
;get tbi address Into
X reg
; get relative offset
into code
;get actual start of
code location
;relative offset plus
;starting loc gives
absolute position
;look for next job
;never used
;when assembled will
;hold offsets into
;file from zero pos
;which was wakeup
in this case
Once the 6809 gets a job number it
jumps to the routine requested. In this
case it packs the area code sent by the
6502 into BCD format and then scans
all of the ring buffer for calls matching
that area code. On a match the record is
unpacked onto the screen. When 24
records have been found the 6809 waits
for the 6502 to send a go signal to keep
looking. Once all of the ring buffer has
been scanned, both 6502 and 6809
return to polling their respective
memory locations for the next fore-
ground job. Meanwhile the background
is still recording information coming
over the two lines.
The 6809 can scan for input lines,
output lines, authorization codes, and
status messages, as well as area code.
Each of these are part of a call record.
The routines that scan memory use
some common subroutines for bump-
ing from one record to the next in the
ring buffer. The Stellation Two board
can support a 4K EPROM, but only 2K
is needed for this dedicated application.
Choosing what each processor
should do is arbitrary. The system
described here uses the 6502 for inter-
active I/O operations and the 6809 for
all memory tasks. I find the 6809 easier
to program than the 6502. Whether or
not one microprocessor could do all the
above as fast as two is not clear
The 6502 routine uses the 16K of
RAM on the card as well as the 2K
EPROM. By writing itself onto the
RAM and then throwing the soft switch
that allows the RAM to be read/write,
the full 16K is available. The 6809 uses
the bottom part of this RAM for its
stack, leaving the 48K of RAM on the
mother board for buffers. The code that
does this follows:
RAMWRT EQU C089
RAMRD EQU C08B
;write enable RAM cd
;read enable RAM cd
TRONST LDA #OFF ;will be zero
BEQ TR0N2X ;on warm start
LDA RAMWRT ;write enable
LDA RAMWRT ;RAM cd while getting
code from EPROM
LDA #0 ;clear index counter
TAY
STAO ;set zero pg ptr to start
of ROM
LDA #0F8 ;which is F800
STA 1 ;up to FFFF
$1 LDA @0,Y ;get a byte from ROM
STA @0,Y ;copy into RAM!
INY ;bump counter
BNE $1 ;bump
INC 1 ;zero-page counter
BNE $1 ;until past FFFF
LDA #0 ;set RAM for warm
reset
STA TRONST + 1 ;because we don't
need to do this again
TR0N2X LDA RAMRD ;read/write
LDA RAMRD ;enable RAM
; at this point the EPROM is not used
; but its code is running in RAM on the
; 16K board. On a warm reset the
; above code is bypassed since the
; reset vector is unchanged but the
; branch instruction will see zero
Debugging the above system re-
quired putting out messages on the
screen to state how far into its program
each computer had gotten. When I put
6502 messages at the top of the screen
and 6809 messages at the bottom, the
problem point was found easily. Usually
the problems I had were byte-sex
related or mailboxes not at the same ad-
dress. By clearly separating the tasks of
the two processors, mistakes and bugs
can be found relatively quickly.
The specific examples used above
work. They are not necessarily the only
way to do multiprocessing in a dedi-
cated environment. If you spend time
deciding what each computer should
do, the power of multiprocessing will
become apparent.
You may contact Mike Rosing at 4260 E.
Evans Ave., Denver, CO 80222.
JNCttO
52
MICRO
No. 59 -April 1983
FOR YOUR APPLE II
Industry standard products at super saver discount prices
SOFTWARE
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1
The nutil order specialists
1 342 Quartz Circle, Livermore, CA 94550
No. 59 -April 1983
MICRO
53
Communications
In-House Communication
by Phil Daley
MICRO has always been in the fore-
front of disseminating information
useful to cornputerists of many types of
systems. This necessitates our having
different kinds of hardware, disks, and
tape formats. In addition, the staff
must know many different languages
and dialects. To help overcome this
drawback, we have established a cen-
tralized system that other computers
can "talk" to and, eventually, receive
from.
At MICRO, we have set up a system
that utilizes a 6809 computer, the
FOCUS, as the end source of all our
files, and a word-processing system
called TYPE -i- , written by Bob Tripp.
An interface to a Compugraphic Edit-
writer allows us to transfer text files to
the phototypesetter without human in-
tervention, and to typeset those files
without further editing. This is made
possible by preprocessing the text files
with the TYPE -i- program.
Author-submitted and in-house ar-,
tides and programs are written on
whatever computer is available and ap-
propriate to the task at hand. Then they
are sent to the FOCUS using the Stylo-
graph text editor, entry mode. This pro-
gram takes the text or listing in from
the serial port and stores it line by line
in the 6809 RAM (see listing 1), then
the file is saved to disk. The Stylograph
text editor imposes two restrictions on
the listings: the first character on a line
cannot be a "#", and the input buffer
on the Flex operating system must not
exceed 128 characters, including the
carriage return. A line that is too long
results in a carriage return being unac-
cepted, and the remainder of the file
continuing to overflow the buffer.
Although you will have quite a mess on
the screen, you need only delete the
current line to enable a normal SAVE
operation.
The TYPEh- program includes a
word processor that has the several
Editwriter keyboards encoded to
special keys on the FOCUS, enabling
screen display of all the special Edit-
writer functions. In addition to the
preprocessing function, we use the
FOCUS as an additional Compugraphic
terminal for normal typesetting input.
Since the Editwriter uses different
ASCn codes for display than a standard
computer, and has several dozen extra
keys and codes, it is necessary to con-
vert many of the standard codes in the
text file to the non-standard Editwriter
format. In addition, the display uses
standard ASCII whenever possible, so
the normal keys have to be converted
from standard display to Editwriter
display when transferring the file.
The standard file includes special
Editwriter information so that the
Compugraphic will understand what to
do with the file when it arrives. Such
things as font nimiber and type size
have to be specified at the begiiming of
the file and whenever any of the para-
meters have to be changed. A SEARCH
and REPLACE function substitutes the
required Editwriter codes for each
regular character that has to be changed.
For instance, the Editwriter will not ac-
cept the double quote ("). Each occur-
rence of the " is replaced by lower
precedent ( p| ). This ensures that
the quote will appear as the proper
code when the transfer takes place.
The most complicated change in-
volves the 0. The SUN-MOON listing
in January (MICRO 56:36) used the
variable O extensively throughout the
listing. When I proofread the listing, I
couldn't see any difference in the O and
the (although the production people
could) . I thought that anyone trying to
key in the program would be unable to
notice the distinction.
I learned that the Compugraphic
has a command called "Flash Only,"
which means that the character is
printed but the paper is not advanced.
This allows over-striking: the / is
printed without advancing and then the
is printed on top of it. Simple in
theory, unfortunately it turns out that
this causes the slash to appear too low
in the to look natural. However,
another command on the Compu-
graphic allows a character to be raised
or lowered any number of points (plus
or minus a point of lead ld [d ) . With
this command, you can raise the slash
in the zero to the center. The final
substitution becomes: replace 0: with
minus a point of lead, flash only, /,
plus a point of lead, 0.
After adjusting the non-allowable
characters to Compugraphic character
codes, and the line lengths to the
proper size for publication, a short pro-
gram called TRANSFER is invoked to
LIST the program to the Editwriter
where it is entered as a file. The inter-
face to the FOCUS has the Editwriter
thinking that someone is typing the file
into the keyboard instead of being sent
through the serial port. The received
file is then rejustified and saved to disk
to be output in the normal manner
when needed.
54
MICRO
No. 59- April 1983
Communications
We are cunently working on a pro-
gram that will take a previously defined
glossary and make all the necessary
changes to the text file automatically.
This will increase our productivity and,
at the same time, decrease our typo-
graphical errors (when the bugs are
out).
The Bulletin Board
The MICRO Bulletin Board System
is working well and we have many
regular callers. The BBS runs on our
Apple II, but may be called by anyone
with a modem. It normally runs four
days a week, Monday through Thurs-
day from 5:00 p.m. to 8:00 a.m. We
are moving our offices and do not have
the new phone number yet, but will let
you know in our May issue. Anyone
may call the system, but only
subscribers are issued passwords for
writing on the system. There are
several useful programs that users may
download onto their own systems, and
we hope to have a selection for different
machines before too long. If anyone has
a program (personal or public domain)
they would like to see get wider
distribution, send it to us {via the BBS)
and we will put it on-line.
Articles also can be received
through this system and we have on-
line capabilities with COMPUSERVE
and THE SOURCE. An author can
download to them and we can retrieve
the file. (We received part of Clifford
Glennon's communication article this
way.) There are a few bugs to be
worked out to make this a viable alter-
native; the lower-to-upper-case conver-
sion and maximum file-length restric-
tion are two.
You may contact Phil at MICRO, P.O. Box 6502,
Chelmsford, MA 01824.
/
KEYBOARD/ACIA INPUT DRIVER
1-14-83 TSC ASSEMBLER
» TERMINAL DRIVER PROGRAM FOR FLEXI-PLUS
» 27 MARCH 1982 - FOCUS
VERSION - JE
» 27 MARCH 1982 - BAUD RATE SELECTION ADDED - RMT
♦ U APRIL 1982 - MODIFIED FOR APPLE - RMT
» 7 MAY 1982 - BASED ON APPLE.TXT - RMT+JJR
» 3 NOVEM 1982 - MODIFIED TO CMD - PRD
» EQUATES
CD03
WARMS
EQU
»CD03
CD42
GETHEX
EQU
»CD42
F829
VKIN
EQU
»F829
F82C
VKSTAT
EQU
JF82C
E549
STDIN
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»E549
F815
MHSTAT
EQU
»F815
E18^
ADATA
EQU
»E180
E181
ASTAT
EQU
ADATA+$01
E182
ACMD
EQU
ASTAT+Wl
E183
ACTRL
EQU
ACHD+?01
C1^0
ORG
»Cia0
/
ClM BD
CD42
APPLE2
JSR
GETHEX
GET USER'S BAUD RATE
Cl«3 CC
0B18
LDD
#WB18
1200 BAUD
Cl^ 8C
\2M
CMPX
»%\2M
IF NOT 1200
C109 27
02
BEQ
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THEN DEFAULT TO
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LEAX
INPUT, PCR
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LEAX
STATUS, PCR
CllA BF
F816
STX
MRSTAT+1
CllD 7E
Wfi
JMP
WARMS
GO BACK TO FLEX
CL20 BD
F829
INPUT
JSR
VKIN
NO
CL23 25
01
BOS
RTEST
C125 39
RTS
C126 8D
elD
RTEST
BSR
VRCVR
C128 25
03
BOS
KTEST
C12A 4D
TSTA
C12B 27
F3
BEQ
INPUT
IGNORE NULLS
Ca2D 39
KTEST
RTS
C12E FD
E182
VAINIT
STD
ACMD
C131 B6
E180
LDA
ADATA
READ OLD DATA
C134 39
RTS
C135 3^^
04
VRCVR
PSHS
B
C137 53
COMB
SET CARRY TO INDICATE
NO DATA (YET)
C138 F6
E181
LDB
ASTAT
C13B C4
08
ANDB
Jl>$08
C13D 27
06
BEQ
NODATR
C13F B6
E180
LDA
ADATA
CU2 84
7F
ANDA
nil
STRIP PARITY
ClW 5F
CLRB
CLEAR CARRY INDICATES DATA RCVD |
C145 35
84
NODATR
PULS
B,PC
Cl47 BD
F82C
STATUS
JSR
VKSTAT
CliA 2i
03
BCC
RETURN
C14C BD
F815
JSR
MRSTAT
C14F 39
RETURN
RTS
END
APPLE2
JMCRD
NO. 59 -April 1983
MICRO
55
Products for Commodore, Atari, Apple, and others!
^^
THE MONKEY WRENCH II
A PROGRAMMERS AID FOR ATARI 800
NEW AND IMPROVED - 18 COMMANDS
PLUGS INTO RIGHT CARTRIDGE SLOT
$59.95
If you are a peison who likes \a monkey around with
the ATARI 800, then THE MONKEY WRENCH II Is
for youl! Make your programming tasks easier, less
time-consuming and more fun. Why spend extra
hours working on a BASIC program when the
MONKEY WRENCH can do It for you in seconds.
It can also make backup copies of boot type
cassette programs. Plugs into the right slot and
works with ATARI BASIC cartridge.
The MONKEY WRENCH Drovldes 18 direct mode
commands. They are: AUTO LINE NUMBERING - Pro-
vides new line numbers when entering BASIC program
lines. RENUMBER — Renumbers BASTC's line numbers
including internal references. DELETE LINE NUMBERS
— Removes a range BASIC line numbers.
VARIABLES — Display all BASIC variables and their current value. Scrolling — Use the
START & SELECT keys to display BASIC lines automatically. Scroll up or down BASIC pro-
gram. FIND STRING — Rnd every occurrence of a string, XCHANGE STRING - Find every
occurrence of a string and replace it witti another string. MOVE LINES — Move lines from
one part of program to another part of program. COPY LINES — Copy lines from one part
of program to another part of program. FORMATTED LIST — Print BASIC program in
special line format and automatic page numbering. DISK DIRECTORY — Display Disk
Directory. CHANGE MARGINS — Provides the capability to easily change the screen
margins. MEMORY TEST — Provides the capability to test RAM memory. CURSOR
EXCHANGE — Allows usage of the cursor keys without holding down the CTRL key.
UPPER CASE LOCK — Keeps the computer in the upper case character set. HEX CON-
VERSION — Converts a hexadecimal number to a decimal number DECIMAL CONVER-
SION — Converts a decimal number to a hexadecimal number MONITOR — Enter the
machine language monitor
In addition to the BASIC commands, the Monkey Wrench also contains a machine
language monitor with 16 commands used to interact with the powerful features of the
6502 microprocessor
xv^
.>tl
VIC RABBIT CARTRIDGE
AND CBM 64 RABBIT CARTRIDGE
"High-Speed
Cassette
Load and Save!'
$39.95
(includes Cartridge
and Manual)
Expansion Connector
on the VIC Cartridge
' ' Don 't waste your Life away waiting to LOAD and SAVE
programs on Cassete Deck."
Load or Save 8K in approximately 30 seconds! Try
it — your Un-Rabbitized VIC takes almost 3 minutes.
It's not only Fast but VERY RELIABLE.
Almost as fast as VIC Disk Drive! Don't be foolish —
Why buy the disk when you can get the VIC Rabbit
for much, much less!
Easy to install — it just plugs in.
Expansion Connector on rear.
Works with or without Expansion Memory.
Works with VIC Cassette Deck.
12 Commands provide other neat features.
Also Available for 2001 , 4001 , and 8032
^<*?|,<<^V\
-^o» ' ''°" STCP - 300n200 Baud
Standard Terminal Communications Package
■PFO'IOD C30A CP<D1>D2 BELL - 12:30:00 10:U:36
Don't settle for non-standard Communications Protocol!
Access Micro Net, Source. Bulletin Boards, Local Main-
frame, etc.
; • Complete Package - Includes RS232 Inter-
i face Board and software (does not include
/ ■ modem)
- * Communicates in Industry Standard ASCII
^ • Upload/Download to/from Disk
• Automatic File Translation
• Can tK controlled from keyboard or user sup-
plied basic or machine language program
Specify ao 0^ 4.0 ROMS or 8032 Commodore Computer
4040 or 8050 or PEDISK II Disk or CBMe4 on 1541 .
Price: $129.95
ATARI AND PET
EPROM PROGRAMMER
Programs 2716 and 2532
EPROMs. Includes hardware
and software. PFT = $75J)D-
ATARI (Includes sophisticated
machine language monitor) =
$119.35
■:j^smLSh
PET BASIC SCROLL PROGRAM
Scroll thru Basic Programs using cursor
up/down keys. Specify computer. $6.00 on
cassette, $9.00 on diskette.
65C02 MAE
Same as our MAE but enfianced for tfie new
65C02 Opcodes. Turns your computer Into a
development system for the new ROCKWELL
65C02 Microprocessor $200.00 — Specify
Computer.
6800 CROSS ASSEMBLER
A Cross Assembler based on the MAE that
runs on the PET, Apple, or Atari but assembles
opcodes for the Motorola 6800 microproces-
sor Turns your computer Into a development
system for the Motorola 6800 Microprocessor.
$200.00 — Specify Computer.
ATARI and VIC Cartridges
EHS can supply large quantities of ATARI and
VIC Cartridges for softwaredevelopers. If you
need cartridges, call for pricing.
TRAP 65
TRAP 65 is a fiirdware device ttial
plugs into your 6502's socket. Prevents
execution of unimptemented opcodes
and provkles capability to extend ttie
mactiines' instruction set.
ForPET/APPLE«YM.
Reduced from $149.95 to $69.95
More than just an Assembler/Editor!
Now for the "64" A . . - .-
MAE
It's a
Professionally
Designed
Software
Development
System
for
PET
APPLE
ATARI
New
Price
$99.95
Blast off with the software used on the space
shuttle project!
• Designed to improve Programmer Productivity.
• Similar syntax and commands — No need to relearn
peculiar syntaxes and commands when you go
from PET to APPLE to ATARI.
• Coresident Assembler/Editor — No need to load
the Editor then the Assembler then the Editor, etc.
• Also includes Word Processor, Relocating Loader,
and much more.
• Options: EPROM Programmer, unimplemented
opcode circuitry.
• STILL NOT CONVINCED: Send lor tree spec sheet!
5% INCH SOFT
SECTORED DISKETFES
Highest quality. We use them on
our PETs, APPlEs, ATARIs, and other
computers. $22.50/10 or $44.50/20
Prownter Printer - Excellent dot iriatrix print Parallel -
Serial - $600.00 IEEE . $589 00
OC Hayes Smart Modem = $235 00
DC Hayes Micro Modem II = $289 00
flana Disk Drive - 375
4 Drive Controller - 114
EPROMS 2716 = $4.50 2532 = $7.50
Over 40 Commodore Programs by Baker (on 4040) =
$25.00
3239LindaDr.
Winslon-Salem.N.C. 27106
(919)924-2889 (919)748-8446
Send for free catalog!
Circle No. 25
56
MICRO
No. 59 -April 1983
BULLETIN BOARD
ABBS ABACUS U, Toledo, OH (419)865 1594
ABBS AGS, Atlanta GA (404) 733 3461
ABBS Akron Digital Group, Akron, H (2161 745 7855
ABBS Apple Bin Washington (2061 937 0444
ABBS Apple Crate I, Seattle, WA 1206)935 9119
ABBS Apple Crate n, Seattle, WA (206) 244 5438
ABBS Apple-Med, Iowa City, lA (319)353 6528
ABBS Apple-Mate, New York, NY [201) 864 5345
ABBS Baileys Computer Store, Augusta, GA (404| 790 8614
ABBS Baton Rouge, LA (504) 291 1360
ABBS Byte Shop, Ft. Lauderdale, FL (305) 486 2983
ABBS Byte Shop, Miami, FL (305) 2613639
ABBS Calvary Mission Church, Mnpls, MN (612)4710252
ABBS CCN), Pompton Plains, N) 1201)835 7228
ABBS Century Next Computers, St. Louis, MO 3 14) 442 6502
ABBS Charlotte, NC (704 364 5254
ABBS CODE, Glen EUyn IL (312) 537 7063
ABBS Colortron Computer, Wl (414) 637 9990
ABBS Compumart, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (6131 725 2243
ABBS Computerland, Fremont, CA 415 794 9314
ABBS Computer Comer, Amarillo, TX (806 355 5610
ABBS Computer Conspiracy, Santa Monica, CA (213) 829 1 140
ABBS Computer Crossroads, Columbia, MD (301) 730 0922
ABBS Computer Lab, Memphis, TN [901 761 4743
ABBS Computer Room, Kalamazoo, Ml (616) 382 0101
ABBS Computer Store, Toledo, OH (419) 531 3845
ABBS Dallas Info Board (114) 148 4539
ABBS Denver, CO (303) 759 2625
ABBS Detroit, Ml 313)477 4471
ABBS Electro-Mart, Spokan?, WA (509) 534 2419
ABBS Fort Walton Beach, Destin, FL (904) 243 1257
ABBS Gamemaster, Chicago, IL (312) 475 4884
ABBS Hayward, CA (415) 881 5662
ABBS mini Microcomputer Naperville, IL (312) 420 7995
ABBS Jonathan's Marlton, N) (609) 983 5970
ABBS Ketchikan, AK (907) 115 6789
ABBS Livingston, NJ (201) 994 9620
ABBS Long Island, NY (212) 448 6576
ABBS Louisville, KY (502| 426 2975
ABBS Madam Bokeatha Society, Houston, TX (713) 455 9502
ABBS Michigan Apple-Fone, Southfield, Ml 313 357 1422
ABBS Newport Beach, CA (714) 645 5256
ABBS Omaha, NE (402) 339 7809
ABBS PCnet, San Francisco, CA (415) 863 4703
ABBS Pacific Palasades, Los Angeles, CA (113) 459 6400
ABBS Peoria, IL (309) 692 6502
ABBS Philadelphia, PA (215| 628 3134
ABBS Phoenix, AZ (602) 898 0891
ABBS Pirates Cove, Long Island, NY (516)698 4008
ABBS Rogers Park, Chicago, IL (312) 973 2227
ABBS Software Sorcery, Hemdon, VA (703) 471 0610
ABBS South of Market, San Francisco, CA (415)469 8111
ABBS St. Louis, MO 314)838 7784
ABBS Teledunjon I, Dallas, TX (817) 469 1626
ABBS Teledunjon U, Dallas, TX (214) 530 0858
ABBS Teledunjon m, Dallas, TX (214) 960 7654
ABBS The Moon, Dallas, TX (214) 931 3437
ABBS Tumersville, NJ (609) 218 1149
ABBS Vancouver, B.C (604) 437 7001
ABBS Vermont, Essex Junction, VT (802)8794981
ABBS West Palm Beach, FL (305) 848 3802
ABBS Rob Roy Computer, Yakima, WA (509) 575 7704
ABBS Youngs Elect Svc, College Station, TX (713) 693 3462
ABBS #X, Atlanta, GA (404) 256 1549
A-C-C-E-S-S Annapolis, MD (301) 267 7666
A-C-C-E-S-S Olympia, WA (206) 8669043
A-C-C-E-S-S Phoenix, AZ II (602) 996 9709
A-C-C-E-S-S Phoenix, AZ «l.(602) 957 4428
A-C-C-E-S-S Phoenix, AZ (602) 274 5964
A-C-C E S-S Scotsdale, AZ 602) 998 9411
A-C-C-E-S-S Wyckoff, N| (201) 891 7441
AMIS A.R.C. A.D.E. Sterling Heights, Ml (313) 978 8087
AMIS Chicago, IL 312) 789 3610
AMIS APOGEE Miami, FL 305) 138-1131
AMIS GRAFEX Cupertino, CA
AMIS G.R.A.S.S. Grand Rapids, Ml
AMIS IBBBS San Jose, CA
•24
"24
408)253 5216
616)241 1971
408) 298 6930
AMIS M.A.C.E. Detroit, Ml *1 313)868 2064
AMIS Magic Lantern, Madison, Wl
AMIS SB- 12 Boston, MA
AMIS Space Seattle, WA
AMIS Starbase 12 Philadelphia, PA
"24
"14
"24
•24
"24
"24
•24
608)2518538
61718764885
206)2261117^
215) 876 8854
•24
•24
•24
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"24
•24
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•24
•14
AMIS T.A.B.B.S. Sunnyvale, CA (408)9416975
ARMU FLEGLG New York, NY (212)598 0719
ARMU GREKLCOM Oklahoma City, OK (405) 711 5056
ARMU PACE Pittsburg, PA (411) 655 3046
ARM UDIC Washington, DC II (202) 276 8342
ARM UDIC Computer Ajje, Baltimore, MD (301) 587 2132
BBS IBM Hostcomm Atlanta, GA !(404) 151 4146
BBS IBM Hostcomm Claremont, CA !(714 624 1767
BBS IBM Hostcomm Fairfax, VA !(703) 978 9592
BBS IBM Hostcomm Fairfax, VA !(703) 978 0921
BBS IBM Hostcomm Fairfax, VA 1)7031 591 5120
BBS IBM Hostcomm Fairfax, VA !(703) 425 9452
BBS IBM Hostcomm Springfield, VA !(703) 425 7229
BBS IBM Hostcomm Houston, TX 1(713)890 0310
BBS IBM Hostcomm Toronto, Ontario, CN !(416) 499 7023
BBS IBM PC Atlanta, GA !(404) 294 6879
BBS IBM PC Atlanta, GA !(404J 151 9438
BBS IBM PC Beltsville, MD !(3011 937 4339
BBS IBM PC Bethesda, MD 1(301)460 0538
BBS IBM PC Billings, MT (406 6569614
BBS IBM PC California Users Group 1(805)987 4117
BBS IBM PC Dale City, VA !(7031 680 5220
■24
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BBS IBM PC Denver, CO !(303) 773 2699 '24
BBS IBM PC Gaithersburg, MD !(301) 251 6293 ^24
BBS IBM PC Madison, Wl !(608) 262 4939 '24
BBS IBM PC New York, NY !(201) 678 6670 '24
BBS IBM PC Rockville, MD !(301) 949 8848 '24
BBS IBM PC Vienna, VA !(703) 560 7803 "24
BBS IBM PCmodem Chicago, IL !)312) 259 8086 ^24
BULLET-80 Boston, MA «l(617) 266 7789
BULLET-80 Chesterland, OH (216) 729 2769
BULLET-80 Clarks Summit, PA (717) 586 2112
BULLET-80 Danbury, CT #1(103) 744 4644
BULLET-80 Fayetteville, GA (404) 461 9686
BULLET-80 Hawkins, TX (114) 769 3036
BULLET-80 Holstein, lA (712) 368 2651
BULLET-80 Houston, TX (713) 331 2599
BULLET-80 Iromon, OH (614) 531 6910
BULLET-80 Laguna Hills, CA (714) 770 5052
BULLET-80 Langhome, PA (215) 364 2180
BULLET-80 Littlefield, TX (806) 385 6843
BULLET-80 New York, NY (Ill) 740 5680
BULLET-80 Orange County, Anaheim, CA (714) 952 2110
BULLET-80 San Jose, CA (408) 241 0769
BULLET-80 Seymour, CT (203) 888 7952
BULLET-80 Springfield, IL (217) 529 1113
BULLET-80 Tulsa, OK (918) 749 0059
BULLET-80 Wateiford, MI (313) 683 5076
CBBSAMRAD, Washington, DC (703) 734 1387
CBBS Atlanta, GA 404) 394 4110
CBBS Baton Rouge, LA (504) 173 31 16
CBBS Bloomington, IN (812)334 2522
CBBS Boston, MA 617 6463610
CBBS Cedar Rapids, lA (319)364 0811
CBBS Chicago, E. *1 (312) 545 8086
CBBS Corpus Christi, TX (512) 855 1512
CBBS CPEUG/ICST Gaithersburg, MD (301) 948 5717
CBBS CP/M Long Island, NY (516)698 8619
CBBS Lambda, Berkeley, CA 415) 658 1919
CBBS Lawrence General Hospital, Boston, MA (617) 683 2119
CBBS LICA LIMBS, Long Island, NY (516)5616590
CBBS London, England.fEuropean standard) (044) 1 399 1136
CBBS Long Island, NY (516) 334 3134
CBBS MAUDE Milwaukee, Wl (414) 141 8364
CBBS MicroStar, Worcester, MA (617) 752 7284
CBBS NW, Portland, OR (503) 646 5510
CBBS PACC, Pittsburgh, PA (412) 811 7176 ^24
CBBS Prince George, B.C., Canada (604)5619515
CBBS Proxima, Berkeley, CA (415)357 1130
CBBS RAMS, Rochester, NY (716) 244 9531
CBBS Richfield, MN (611)413 5016
CBBS Strictly Software, Honolulu, HI (808) 944 0562
CBBS TSG, Tucson, AZ (602) 746 3956 ^24
COMNET-80 Akron, OH &(216) 645 0827 '24
COMNET-80 Las Vegas, NV «i.(702) 870 9986
COMNET-80 Mt. Clemens, MI Si(313) 465 9531
COMNET-80 North Wales, PA (215) 855 3809
COMNET-80 Riverside, CA «l.(714) 359 3189
COMNET-80 Riverside, CA «l.(714) 877 2253
COMNET-80 Wichita Falls, TX (817( 767 5847
CONNECTlON-80 Centereach, NY (516) 588 5836
CONNECTlON-80 Denver, CO (303) 690 4566 '24
CONNECTlON-80 Escondido, CA (619) 746 6265
CONNECTION-80 Fremont, CA (415) 651 4147 -14
CONNECTlON-80 Gaithersburg, MD (301) 840 8588 ^14
CONNECTlON-80 Great Neck, NY (516) 482 8491 '24
CONNECTlON-80 Unsing, Ml (517) 3393367
CONNECnON-80 Laval BELE, Laval, Quebec, CN 514 622 1274 ^24
CONNECTlON-80 Little Rock, AS (50l) 372 0576
CONNECTlON-80 Lincroft, NJ (201) 842 7644
CONNECTlON-80 Manhattan, NY (212) 991 1664
CONNECTlON-80 North York, Ontario (416) 667 9981
CONNECTION-80 Orlando, FL (305)644 8327 "14
CONNECTION-80 PAUG, Portland, OR (503) 281 7653
CONNECTION-80 Peterborough, NH (603) 924 7920
CONNECTION-80 Tulsa, OK (918) 747 1310 ^24
CONNECTION-80 W. Mich. Micro Group, MI (616) 457 1840 •24
CONNECTION-80 Willowdale, Ontario (416 226 9260
CONNECTION-80 Winter Garden, PL (305) 894 1886 '24
CONNECnON-80 Woedhaven, NY (212) 441 3755 ^24
CONNECTION-80 Tampa, FL (813) 977 0989
CONFERENCE-TREE 13, Hayward, CA (415) 538 3580
CONFERENCE-TREE 14, Santa Monica, CA (213) 394 1505
CONFERENCE-TREE Anchorage, AK 907) 344 5251
CONFERENCE-TREE Computerland, Honolulu, HI (808) 487 2001 '24
CONFERENCE-TREE Flagship, Denville, NJ (201) 627 5151 '24
CONFERENCE-TREE Kelp fled, Los Angeles, CA (213) 372 4800
CONFERENCE-TREE Minneapolis, MN (612) 854 9691
CONFERENCE-TREE ?, New Jersey (201) 627 5151
CONFERENCE'TREE Victoria, TX (512) 578 5833
DIAL-YOUR-MATCH #1 (213) 842 3322 -so
DIAL-YOUR-MATCH #3 (912) 233 0863 -so
DIAL-YOUR-MATCH #4 (113) 7831305 -so
DIAL-YOUR-MATCH 19 (113) 345 1047 -so
DIAL-YOUR-MATCH #11 (113) 141 1881 -so
DIAL-YOUR-MATCH #12, Houston, TX (713J 556 1531 -so
DIAL-YOUR-MATCH #14 (201) 272 3686 -so
DIAL-YOUR-MATCH »16 (206) 256 6624 -SO
DIAL-YOUR-MATCH #17 (415) 991 4911 -SO
DIAL-YOUR-MATCH #18 617) 334 6369 -SO
DIAL-YOUR-MATCH #20 919) 362 0676 -so
DIAL-YOUR-MATCH ##22 (113)990 6830 -so
DIAL-YOUR-MATCH #13, Omaha, NE (402) 571 8942 -so
DIAL-YOUR-MATCH #24, Houston, TX (713) 783 4136 -so
DIAL-YOUR-MATCH #26, Clovis, CA (209) 298 1328 -so
^
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Complements of Peoples' Message System, Santee CA
(619) 561-7277
(Continued on page 123)
APPLE, Mountain, and
Data Capture
by H. Bruce Land, III
The CPS Multifunction Card from
Mountain Computer ($180 to $240)
and Data Capture 4.0/80, CPS Version
($90) from Southeastern Software, can
provide your Apple Computer with a
complete RS-232 I/O port with five
true handshake lines, a parallel printer
output port, clock and calendar, and
battery backup. You can have a smart
terminal, hardware, and software by
using only one of the Apple's few slots
and some of its limited power supply —
all for as little as $270.
The Haidwaie
The Mountain Computer card ROM
contains a system configuration pro-
gram that allows you to determine how
the card will function. From a menu
you can set baud rate, parity, number of
data bits, and number of stop bits. You
can even use a 5-bit ASCII; and you can
set the appropriate functions for the
parallel port.
By choosing items from the menu,
you can select which slot the Apple
"thinks' ' the card is in, regardless of its
actual location. For example, you can
place the card in Slot 2 but address the
printer as Slot 1, the modem as Slot 3,
and the clock as Slot 4. These assign-
ments can be reset by software so that
other real cards can reside in these slots.
The serial output can automatically
change lower case to upper case if you
don't have a lower-case adapter for your
Apple, and it can echo characters back
to the sender. The serial output also
can define a control character to fimc-
tion as an escape character, set or clear
the high-order bit, supply auto-line
feeds, set line length, do automatic
paging for pages of any size, and add a
carriage-return delay.
Once you configure the system, the
parameters are stored in the permanent
CMOS memory and you can ignore
them until you want to make changes.
Additional high-level software sup-
plied with the unit allows you to turn
the Apple monitor into an analog clock
complete with sweep second hand. The
CPS Lister program allows you to make
formatted Applesoft program listings,
properly spaced, with the date and time
printed at the top of each page, page
numbers, and with no printing over the
perforations on continuous paper. If
you often forget which is your most re-
cent listing, then these dated and timed
listings are for you.
The Software
When you use Applesoft with a nor-
mal serial I/O card and type data to a
modem, every time you hit RETURN
Applesoft says 'SYNTAX ERROR'
because it thinks you're erroneously
entering a BASIC statement. Install the
Mountain CPS card, enter a couple of
control codes, and your Apple will
function as a dumb terminal. You can
talk to another computer through your
keyboard, and it can display messages
on your CRT. Although you can com-
municate, at this level of operation you
can't send a message to the printer,
store it in memory, or save it on disk.
Enter Data Capture 4.0, 40/80 col-
umn, CPS version. This combination is
not the only one available, but it's
the only one I've found that does the
whole job. With the CPS card and Data
Capture, your Apple can be a computer
one moment and a smart terminal the
next. You can compose your message
off-line and then burst it over the line
at up to 1200 baud to another com-
puter, a time-sharing system, or even
to a mainframe computer. You can
hold a received message in memory,
edit it, save it to disk or cassette, and
print it at your leisure.
Run Data Capture and press ESC.
You will see the following menu:
C)atalog disk
D)elete text
Ijnsert text
L)ist text
M)erge from file
P)rint text
Q)uit program
S)end text
T)oggle:
Ajltemative drive (1/2)
Bjaud rate
C)apture (on/off)
D)uplex (full/half)
L)ocal carrier (on/off)
Sjpecial characters
(on/off)
Wjrite to file
Any of these functions can be selected
and executed while you are off-line.
When you are on-line you can send a
signal to place the other computer on
"hold," select and execute commands
from the menu, and then resume com-
munication on the other computer.
While the computers are talking to each
other, status lines display the operating
mode and tell you how many lines of
text have passed through your Apple.
If the capture mode is off, nothing is
saved; if it is on, both sides of the
transmission are saved as a text file in a
RAM buffer. At any time you can write
the text to a disk file for later use; and
at any time the buffer can be partially
or fully cleared (deleted), relisted,
saved, or printed. Additional text can
be merged from disk to buffer and then
sent to the other computer. You can
send and receive text, numerical data.
58
MICRO
No. 59 -April 1983
and program listings, and you can
transfer programs directly to another
Apple. [Note: Data Capture does not
work in auto-dial or auto-answer mode
with the CPS card.)
Some mainframes require special
key codes that the Apple normally can-
not generate without Data Capture |for
example, the UNIX system I've been
using requires a true delete code and an
underline) . The Apple keyboard gener-
ates a backspace and the hardware in-
terprets this as a backspace/delete.
Data Capture allows you to redefine
portions of the Apple keyboard to gen-
erate any ASCII code you may need, in-
cluding any of the control codes.
Both the CPS card and Data Capture
come with more documentation than
you'll ever read, but it is comforting to
know that it's there in case you want to
do something different. My printer is a
Selectric typewriter and my modem is
homemade, so I needed the extra
documentation.
You may wonder why Data Capture
is so expensive. The task it must per-
form is tricky. The Apple cannot talk to
two I/O devices at the same time. It
cannot send data from the keyboard to
both the modem and the, display at the
same time. Data Capture has so much
to do in so short a period of time that it
uses machine code for an intricate
routine that 1. looks at the keyboard; 2.
if data is available there, checks to see
whether or not the data is a control
character; 3. if not, stores the data in a
RAM buffer; 4. sends it to the display;
and 5. sends it to the modem. While
this is happening. Data Capture must,
in effect, look over its shoulder and
check the modem to see if it is sending
a character to the Apple, decide
whether or not this is a control
character, and if not, store the
character in the buffer and send it to
the display.
Meanwhile Data Capture must for-
mat each character into the proper
word length, control stop bits, baud
rate, etc. — all on data moving at
speeds up to 1200 baud.
Unlike the high-speed software that
handles the bits and the bytes, the soft-
ware that services the menu is in
Applesoft, and you can modify it
without difficulty. To get the attention
of a big system mnning under UNIX, I
had to change the length of the BREAK
command and make it repeat twice.
This was easy to do in BASIC.
Data Capture is not copy protected,
so if you want to talk to several
different systems with different re-
quirements, you can prepare a disk for
each, and avoid frequent software
modifications.
To sum up, the Apple and the CPS
card and Data Capture make a fine
team. Together, they can handle
anything at 1200 baud or less, and they
do it in a friendly fashion.
Note: You can buy the CPS Multi-
function Card from Mountain Com-
puter, Inc., 300 El Pueblo Road, Scotts
Valley, CA 95066, (408) 438-6650.
Data Capture 4.0/80, CPS Version, can
be obtained from Southeastern Soft-
ware, 6414 Derbyshire Drive, New
Orleans, LA 70126, (504) 246-8438.
You may contact the author at 6916 Paik
Place, Baltimore, MD 21227.
JNOtO
circle No. 26
Circle No. 28
BUY! SELL! TRADE!
COMPUTER & HAM EQUIPMENT
r COMPUTER*
I TRADER
ANNUAL
SUBSCRIPTION
$10.00
Low Ad Rates — Mailed Monthly
Foreign Subscriptions - $25.00 Year
FREE SO Word Classified Ad with Subscription Order
COMPUTER TRADER*
Chet Lambert, W4WDR
1704 Sam Drive • Birmingham, AL 35235
(205) 854-0271
CSE means OSI
Software and Hardware
Introducing 5 new disk programs
From DMP Systems:
Superdefender $14.95
Universe $14.95
Edit-all $19.95
De-bug $12.95
From Dwo Quong Fok Lok Sow:
WP-6502 Word processor. Available In three
versions.
5" disk $200.00
8" disk $234.95
Cassette $39.95
Training Manual $20.00
CSE's Rom Source Code Listing 100 Pages! . .$15.95
NEW! NEW! NEW!
ANCHOR SIGNALMAN MODEMS $89.50
Please write for more Info on new disk programs or
send $2.00 for catalog. Please Include $2.00 shipping
($3.00 for modems).
Box 50 • 291 Huntington Ave. Boston 02115
617-423«501
No. 59 -April 1983
MICRO
59
^^ Alspa Computer, Inc.
ITie price-performance leader. Includes Z80A, 1 or 2 lull 8"
drives (double density, double sided), 3 serial and 1 parallel
port, and Winchester port. Prices start at less than $2000.
DEALER and OEM inquiries invited.
SPECIALS on INTREGATED CIRCUITS
6502 7.45 10/6.95 50/6
6502A/6512A 840 10/7.95 50/7
6520 PIA 5.15 10/4.90 50/4.
6522 VIA 6.45 10/6.10 50/5.
6532 7.90 10/7.40 50/7.
2114-L200 2.45 25/2.
2716EPR0M 4.90 5/4.
2532 EPROM 7 90 5/ 7
6116 2KX8 CMOS RAM 790 5/7
4116RAM
?.?C9.!D2?3ibD.!:9?P.?24j!n.SocketJScanbei_
Hewlett Packard
Write or_ call for jxices
55 100/6.15
35 100/6.90
45 100/4.15
75 100/5.45
00 100/6.60
30 100/2.15
50 10/4.00
45 10/6.90
45 10/6.90
8 for 14
2.00
Anchor Automation Signalman Modems
FREE SOURCE MEMBERSItIP WITH SIGNALMAN
All Signalman Modems are Direct Connect, and include cables
to connect to your computer and to the telephone. Signalman
Modems provide the best price- performance values, and start
at less than $ 1 00. Daler nd OEM iMilrlu liiHed
Mark 1 RS232
Mark II for Atari 850
Mark IV lor CBM/PET with software
Mark V for Osborne (software available)
Mark VI for IBM Personal Computer
Mark VII Auto Dial/Auto Answer
Mark VIII Bell 212 Auto Dial/Answer
DC HAYES Smirtmodem
DC Hayes Smartmodem 1 200
229
545
We carry Apple 11+ from
Bell & Howell
leKRAMCird ^-::^'*^ for Apple
Solid Oak 2 Level Stind for Apple
Apple LOGO
Video Recorder Interface
Super Serial Card
ITiunderclock Plus
Z80 Softcard and CP/M (Microsoft)
Parallel Printer Interface/Cable
Grappler Interface
TG PnrfucU Jiyslick fir Apple
TG Paddles
DC Hayes Micromodem II
Videx 80 Column Card
HaylM Softaarg for Apph 20% OFF
Apple PASCAL Language
Apple FORTRAN
We stock EDUWARE Software
GENIS I Courseware Development System
Unicom Grade Reporting or School Inventory
Executive Briefing System with fonts
Apple Oumpllng (Microtek) Printer Interface
Apple Dumpling with 16K Buffer
PIE Writer WonI Processor
65
29
150
545
149
119
235
80
139
48
32
299
239
195
160
90
250
225
IIS
ISO
120
Qcommodore
See us for Personal, Business,
and Educational requirements.
Educational Discounts available.
PETSCAN $245 base price
Allows you to connect up to 35 CBM/PET Computers to
shared disk drives and printers. Completely transparent to the
user. Perfect for schools or multiple word processing con-
figurations. Base configuration supports 2 computers. Addi-
tional computer hookups $100 each.
Commodore COMMUNICATES!
COMPACK $115
intelligent Tennlnal Package includes:
ACIA hardware based interface; DB25 Cable and STOP Soft-
ware with remote telemetry, transfer to/from disk printer out-
put, XON-XOFF control, user program control, and status
line.
VE-2IEEEtoParallellntei1ace 110
Includes case, power supply, full 8-bit transmission, and
switch selectable character conversion to ASCII.
VIC 20 Pradocts
Backup VI .0 20
VIC RAM Cards in stock
VIC SuperExpander 53
VIC 16KRAM
Tlwn EMI Sdlwin
HES Softwin
VIC Omega Race
Spiders of Mars (UMI)
Programmers Aid
95
VICTORY Safhrare
Street Sweepers
Night Rider
Treasures of Bat Cave
Games Pack I
Victory Casino
Adventure Pack II
12
11
12
12
8
12
VIC Sargon II Chess
VIC GORF
Meteor Run (UMI)
VIC Radar Ratrace
Amok (UMI)
Snakman
Rubiks Cube
Programmers Reference
Renaissance (UMI)
VIC Adventure Series
far VIC ind C64
Maze in 3-D
Cosmic Debris
Grave Robbers Advent
Games Pack II
Adventure Pack I
Trek
Commodore 64 Programmers Reference Guide 1 7
Computel's First Book of PET/CBM 1 1
POWER ROM Utilities for PET/CBM 78
WordPro 3-1- - 32K CBM, disk, printer 195
WordPrg 3-I-/64 70
WordPro 4-1- - 8032, disk, printer 300
SPELLMASTEH spalllni chetkar lar WarriPra 1 70
VISICALC for PET, ATARI, or Apple 1 90
PETHAX PET ts Epsti Gnphles Saftwire 40
SM-KIT anhinud PET/CBM ROM UtllHIas 40
Programmers Toolkit ■ PET ROM Utilities 35
PET Spacemaker II ROM Switch 36
2 Meter PET to IEEE or IEEE to IEEE Cable 40
Dust Cover lor PET CBM, 4040, or 8050 8
VIC or C64 Parallel Printer Interface 79
CmC IEEE-RS232 Printer Interface - PET 1 20
SADI Intelligent IEEE-RS232 or parallel 235
ZRAM- CBM 64K RAM, Z80, CP/M 550
Prainmmlni tlia PET/CBM ICamputel) — R. W«t 20
Compute! First Book of VIC 1 1
Whala PET Ciblai IMidaight Gizatta) 8
Color Chart Video Board for PET 1 25
PET Fun and Games (Cursor) 1 1
FlexFiie(orPETCBM,C64 %m
Database, Report Writer with Calculations, Mailing Lists
FORTH far PET full FIG model - Cargill/Riley $50
MatacmpllwfjrroRll^forjndependentobjectrode _ 30
KMMM PASCAL far PET/CBM/C64 85
EARLJar PET/CBM_Oisk;based ASSE^^BLER __ 65
Super Gnphles — BASIC Linguage Exarclsas 45
Fast machine language graphics routines for PET/CBM
4K $75 8K $90
RAM/ROM for PET/CBM
252 Bethlehem Pike
Colmar, PA 18915
60
215-822-7727
A B Computers
DISK
SPECIALS
Scotch (3M) 5" ss/dd
Scotch (3M) 5" ds/dd
Scotch (3M) 8" ss/sd
Scotch (3M) 8" ss/dd
10/2.25 50/2.10 100/2.05
10/3.15 50/2.90 100/2.85
10/2.40 50/2.20 100/2.15
10/2.95 50/2.70 100/2.65
We Steele VERBATIM DISKS
Write for Dealer and OEM prices.
BASF 5" or 8" 10/2.00 20/1.95 100/1.85
NEW BASF Qualimetric Disks also in stock
Wabash 5"ss/sd 10/1.80 50/1.75 100/1.70
Wabash 5" ss/dd 10/2.00 50/1.95 100/1.90
Wabash 8" ss/sd 10/2.00 50/1.95 100/1.90
We stock MAXELL HISKS
Write for dealer and OEM prices.
Disk Storage Pages 10 for $5 Hub Rings 50 for $6
Disk Library Cases 8"— 3.00 5"— 2.25
Head Cleaning Kits 1 1
CASSEHES— AGFA PE-OII PREMIUM
High output, low noise, 5 screw housings.
C-10 10/61 50/58 100/50
C-30 10/85 50/ .82 100/70
SPECIALS
109
Zenith ZVM-121 Green Phosphor Monitor
VOICE BOX Speech Synthesizer (Apple or Atari)
Many printers available (Star, Brother, OKI, etc.)
Wa Stuck AMDEK Manltan
Watanabe Intelligent Plotter 990 6-pen 1290
ISOBAR 4 Ontlat Sutfe Suprassar/Nolie RHer 49
We stock Electrohome Monitors
dBASE II 390
Panasonic TR-120M1P 12" Monitor (20 MHz) 149
Panasonic CT-160 Dual Mode Color Monitor 285
Franklin Computers - special system price
Hewlett Packard Calculators available
USI Vidua Manltan— Greau or AMBER 20 MHz hi-ni.
Oeilar ind OEM luquirias Imltad
A P ProdBCts 15% OFF
Synertek SYM-1 Microcomputer SALE 189
KTM-2/80 Synertek Video and Keyboard 349
fi^tiw I data
I systems
Z29 Terminal (VT100. VT-52. ADM3A.
HaziSOO compatible) 680
ZT-1 Intelligent Communications Terminal 479
Z100 16-bit/8-bit System CALL
We stock entire Zenith line.
ATARr
SPECIALS
800 Computer
400— 16K
810 Disk Drive
Than EMI Sottwire
850 Interface
Inside Atari DOS
Joysticks or Paddles
Microtek RAM Cards
EduFan Saltwin
Pilot
Super Breakout
APX Software
499
199
440
170
18
19
65
29
Call
Microsoft BASIC
MISSILE COMMANO
ASTEROIDS
STAR RAIDERS
Space Invaders
Atari Gnpk. (Computei)
Caverns of Mars
PAC-MAN
CENTIPEDE
First Book of Atari
Andnr Madam— Atari
Other Atari products
72
29
29
34
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II
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36
36
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85
Call
MICRO
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Add S 1 25 per order for shipping We pay balance of UPS surface
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Circle No. 29
No. 59- April 1983
Unleash the AIM ''A" Block
by Tom Lillevig
Memory is a valuable commodity
on the AIM 65. This article
shows how to recover some
memory space and provides
suggestions for uses.
Figure 1: AIM-65 modification.
A8>-
A9>-
10 I *^
^T0Z19-1
Your first look at the address map for
the AIM 65 reveals a 36K block of space
available for those helpful additions
every computer user needs. If, how-
ever, you add a couple of 16K RAM
boards and a video interface, you soon
discover that 36K isn't as much space
as you thought.
If you take a closer look at the ad-
dress map you will see a design that
saved Rockwell some money in manu-
facturing, but cost you the use of
valuable memory space. Four interface
devices, which require a total of less
than 256 bytes of memory, have been
allotted an entire 4K block! I refer, of
course, to the PLA, RIOT, and VLAs that
inhabit the "A" block. This article dis-
cusses a simple method to unleash
much of the "A" block and several ap-
plications for the available space.
The reason that the four devices in
the "A" block take up so much
memory is that the enable signals are
produced by loose decoding. The AIM
65 schematic shows that the enables
come from decoder ZI9 and are derived
from CSA and address lines A 10 and
All. This method of decoding allocates
IK of memory space to each device. A
better method, first proposed by Larry
Figure 2: Adding 2114 RAM to "A" block.
9
y SYS
"^ R/W
D0-D7
U1:7485
U2:74LS245
U3:74LS00
U4-U7:2114RAM
ADDRESSES
U4,U5: AAOO-ABFF
AEOO-AFFF
U6,U7: A200-A3FF
A600-A7FF
No. 59 - April 1983
MICRO
61
Westergren in the computer club news-
letter Interchange, squeezes each
device into a space of 256 bytes, thus
freeing up 3K of usable memory.
Larry's method requires the addition of
one IC, so I decided to see if the
decoding could be done using spare
gates on the AIM.
See figure 1 for my update of Larry's
idea. The NAND gate and inverters are
all spare devices, and no circuit cuts are
required. The connection to Z19-1
deactivates the existing "A" block
enables to the I/O devices, except
when both A8 and A9 are at zero. This
modification makes address blocks
$A100-$A3FF, $A500-$A7FF, $A900-
$ABFF, and $ADOO-$AFFF available.
Now that these blocks are free,
what can be installed? Since each slot is
only 768 bytes wide, RAM addition
does not appear to be a good choice. If,
however, you can live with four
separate blocks of 512 bytes, then you
can wire four 2114's to provide 2K of
memory with no waste or overlap |see
figure 2J. The RAM blocks occupy ad-
dresses $A200-$A3FF, $A600-$A7FF,
$AAOO-$ABFF, and $AEOO-$AFFF. As
shown in figure 3, a 6116 RAM or 2716
Figure 3: Adding 6116 RAM or 2716 EPROM to "A" block.
a □
15
SYS 02 >
D0-D7
A1P>
A11 >
< A0-A8
.SYS
U1:7485
U2: 74LS245
U3: 74LS00
U4: 6116 RAM OR 2716 EPROM
ADDRESSES: A200-A3FF.
A600-A7FF. AAOO-ABFF, AEOO-AFFF
EPROM could be installed instead of
the 2114's.
The rest of the available space can
be decoded further to provide enable
lines for a variety of devices. The
circuit in figure 4 illustrates a simple
method for deriving eight enables from
the remaining blocks. The enables may
be used for any chips that require 128
bytes of memory space, or less. PIAs,
VIAs, and real-time clocks are just
a few example of devices that will
fit nicely.
Tom Lillevig is a Senior Training
Representative at Rockwell-Collins. He is
also secretary of the Cedar Valley
Computer Association, an organization
that includes nearly 500 AIM 65 owners.
You may contact Mr. Lillevig at 130
Camaby Dr. NE, Cedar Rapids, L^ 52402.
JMCRO
Figure 4: Decoding for spare enable lines.
AS >
A7>
AlO >
All >
A9>
CSA>
^ A100-A17F
* A180-A1FF
» A500-A57F
) A580-A5FF
> A900-A97F
>A980-A9FP
^ AD00-AD7F
^ADBO-ADFF
U1;74LS138
62
MICRO
NO. 59 - April 1983
^
Plug yourself into a new
world of possibilities for
you and your APPLE.
Have you ever wished that
your APPLE computer could do
just one more thing?
To somehow perform that
one task that would just exactly fit
your particular need.
You may have found that a
hardware limitation prevents you
from accomplishing your goal
andthatthereare no interfacesor
expansion modules designed for
your particular application. Are
vou frustrated? Not any more!
THE CUSTOM APPLE &
OTHER MYSTERIES, volume
one in IJG'S APPLE Information
Series, provides you with the
information, specifications and
references you need to do it
yourself, whether a novice or
expert, and includes the basic
information required for
hardware enhancements that are
common to many projects.
Guide to APPLE
Hardware and software
modification.
THE CUSTOM APPLE &
OTHER MYSTERIES includes a
number of data acquisition and
control projects with printed
circuit layouts like an 8-Bit D/A
and A/D Converter, a 6522
application interface board, a
sound and noise generator
board, an EPROM Burner
board, an APPLE Slot
Repeater, and
»%
*/»/,,
includes information on the
APPLE as a square wave
generator, the control of stepper
motors, connecting two 6502
systems, and lots more.
The Custom APPLE &
Other Mysteries is a valuable tool
for all APPLE or APPLE II
computer users and is available
for $24^25-^t computer stores. B.
Dalton Booksellers and
independent book dealers. If
your dealer is out of stock, order
direct from IJG.
Include $4.00 for shipping
and handling. Foreign residents
add $11.00 plus purchase price.
U.S. funds only please.
1953 West 11th Street
Upland, California 91786
Phone: 714/946-5805
Helping You
Help Yourself.
PLUG IN
TO YOUR
APPLE.
New Book
On Sale NOW !
No. 59 -April 1983
c) IJG, Inc. 1982
TM APPLE and APPLE II are registered trademarks of
Apple Computer Inc.
63
>^lf\/IDEK...your guide t
"r-r*l
*-. s.:
ft- <j
; •,- . if. .
.lEHCY.PbOIIEtt
EcononhaOr-VcocnfnBleplallaf •■«>■
X .14 T-ipidHhB moB ■ Centanics-niM;
factt • nOU eaqWkUie • 4 pBOs/lnU-
orsandcfasrtholdUinMisihclwtat ,
'-i-,,' .•• J ■ r •*;; : -•^;■-'?^" <;a6^t?1^SS'35&1ES^.■
YOUR COMPATIBILITY CHART MORE COMPATIBILITY INTERFACES DUE SOON . . . CHECK FACTOf
^^1 COMPUTER
MONITORS
PLOTTER
3' MICRO-
DISC DRIVE
NOTES
VIDEO-300
VIDEO-310
COLOR-I
COLOR-II
COLOR-IIA
COLOR-III
COLOR-IV
^^1 IBM-PC
•
•
•
•
*
•
*
•
•
* Special Cabling Required
^^M APPLE III
•
*
*
*
*
•
♦Special Cabling or
Converter Required
^^1 APPLE II
•
•
*
*
*
*
•
* DVM Board Required
^^1 ATARI BOO
*
*
* Opt. Atari Cable Required
^^1 VIC-20
*
* Opt. VIC Cable Required
^^1 TRS-80
*
* Opt. IRS Cable Required
^^^1 Osborne
*
* Opt. Interface Required
^^1 TI-99
*
* Opt. 11 Cable Required
^^^1 Commodore-64
*
*
* Opt. Commodore Cable Req.
'--'■ ■-
innowative computing !
■^■^^jS4ft,5',,-,,
Si*" - „
\^'
=--':.s'
* ft 1
A¥DISK-3 MGRO-FLOPPYDISK DRIVE
■>- *.
RevokitniMiy 3* Micro Floppydsk drwa & csfridges > 1 * • -x,*>-,''jl
Meuabytu (uifunulted) storage • Tiack.-to-tiackcanipBhblle - ' ~ . f-
wrlh 5 '.•' floppydsk dnves* Butt n poimr supply "Hard '.'■ * ,'
pla£ilic,piu(e(.hkGHoppydiskca(tndge < i. « ' . -
Amdek Corp. is dedicated to marketing quality compu-
ter peripheral equipment to enhance the use of popular
personal computers. Our research & development staff
keeps abreast of progress in computer techology and
equipment and strives to offer you state-of-the-art ad-
vances in peripheral equipment.
da through major rii.t^trihutnrc; And vup h?ivp fartnrv-
trained manufacture, ^ .^.^.^o^...^.,.^^ .-^^-^y .^ ^v.,.^
you in every major marketing area. Amdek offices are
located in Chicago. Los Angeles & Dallas.
Just circle the reader service number, or contact us to
receive comf
Amdek product
^9
COMPUTlUjEINC.
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In The Sea Of
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Features:
• MASTER for VIC and
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by Loren Wright
A guessing game invoiving conceaied letter
patterns.
• Conservation of Momemtum
for Atari and Commodore
by Terry Faughn
A tutorial appropriate for an Introductory physics
class.
is a Number a Number?
by Phil Daley
An easy way to convert from one base to
another.
• A Beginner's Computer Glossary
Part two of our Introductory dictionary.
No. 59 -April 1983
MICRO
67
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Circle No. 35
O CENTER
< MASTER for VIC-20
' and COMMODORE 64
by Loren Wrigh
Apple Listing appears on page 82
MASTER is a simple guessing game for one or two
players. The commercial version of this game
involves colored pegs. One player constructs a
pattern of four colored pegs behind a screen, and it
is up to the other player to guess the concealed
pattern. The first player provides the second player
with clues, telling him how many pegs have been
guessed in the right position, and how many pegs
are the right color but in the wrong position. The
second player continues to guess until he has
discovered the colors and correct positions of all
four pegs. The number of guesses is the score, and
the player with the lower score wins. The computer
uses letters instead of pegs, but the rules are the
same. In fact, the MASTER program offers you a
choice of three different game versions, and you
can modify the program to play even more games.
Running the Program
Position the tape to load the program MASTER.
Hold down the shift key and press RUN/STOP.
When the program is loaded, the screen will clear
and the message '1 OR 2 PLAYERS?' will be
displayed at the top. For the moment, select 'I'.
The two-player game is described later. Next you
are offered a menu of game difficulty levels. Press
'r, '2', or '3' to select a game. (You can change
your choice for the next game, if you want.) The
rules appropriate to the game you have selected
are then displayed. The rules are printed here for
reference.
In the EASY game, only A, B, C, and D are
allowed, and no letter may be repeated in the
secret pattern. Your guesses may include repeated
letters, though. In the MID game, only A, B, C,
and D are allowed, but these letters may be
repeated in the pattern. In the HARD game. A, B,
C, D, E, and F are allowed, and letters may be
repeated.
Press any key (except RUN /STOP] to continue.
The computer now generates, at random, a secret
pattern. The screen will clear and appear as below:
SELECT LETTER ON OFF
> ■
The flashing-square cursor appears right after
the '>'. Only '?', '-*-', and the letters allowed in
the game will be accepted from the keyboard. (The
RUN/ STOP key does work, though!) Acceptable
characters will be printed on the screen;
unacceptable ones will have no effect. As soon as
you enter the fourth letter in your guess pattern,
the program will process it. Until you enter that
fourth character, though, you may change your
mind. Press ' •«- ' to restart your guess. If at any
time you want to give up, the '?' key will print
the secret pattern and let you start over with a
new game and pattern.
When you enter the fourth item in your guess
pattern, the computer matches it against the
secret pattern. In the 'ON' column is the number
of letters guessed correctly, and in the right
position; in the 'OFF' column is the number
guessed right, but in the wrong position.
Understanding the matching process will help you
learn to play the game better. For instance, if you
guessed 'D C C A', and the secret pattern is 'D B
AC, the computer will return a '1' in the 'ON'
column and a '2' in the 'OFF' column.
Figure 1
Guess:
Secret:
D
D
^^
Result:
ON
1
OFF
2
The 'D' is in the correct position (indicated by
the shading), but the 'C and the 'A' (matches
indicated with arrows), while they do exist in the
70
MICRO
No. 59 - April 198:
secret pattern, were guessed in the wrong position.
Only one of the C's in the guess is counted, since
there is only one C in the secret pattern. If the
secret pattern were 'C B A C instead, the program
would return '0' in the 'ON' column and '3' in the
'OFF' column. Both C's in the guess are now
counted.
Figure 2
Ciucss:
Secret:
Result:
c"^ a<k:
ON
OFF
When you have guessed the secret pattern
correctly, you will be congratulated and told the
number of guesses yOu took. Then the program is
restarted with selection of the game level.
As you play more and more games, you will
begin to develop systems to help you guess the
pattern as quickly as possible. One technique that
is sometimes useful is substituting one character
at a time.
Two-peison Game
The two-person option allows a second player
to input a secret pattern instead of having the
computer come up with one. The player who will
be guessing should look away from the screen
while the other player inputs a pattern. The
program tests for the letters allowed but it does
not check for repetitions. Be sure to follow the
repetition rule in effect. To go back to the one-
person version press RUN/STOP, type RUN and
press RETURN. This time answer '1' for the
number of players.
Programming Techniques in MASTER
Random Numbers
In the one-player version of MASTER, the
program is able to come up with a different secret
pattern of letters each time the game is played.
How is this done? The secret is in random
numbers. BASIC is able to generate random
numbers using the RND function.'
A random number is one that is obtained
without any predictability or repeatability. Rolling
a die, flipping a coin, and spinning a roulette
wheel are all means of obtaining random numbers
in the real world.
Many programming applications require a
source of random numbers. For statistics programs
they can provide sample data to test a model, and
LEARNING
in physics they can be used for applications such
as demonstrating the behavior of gas particles.
Many game programs require random numbers.
These may be used in the form of playing cards,
dice, or locations of hidden treasures. In the
1 -player version of MASTER, random numbers are
used to generate the secret pattern of letters.
The BASIC function RND generates pseudo-
random numbers in the range between and 1 .
Pseudo-random means each succeeding number
depends to some extent on the previous one. As a
result, after many thousands of numbers, the
sequence will start over. This makes statistics
involving very large samples sometimes difficult,
but it usually causes no problem in games, which
use considerably fewer numbers.
The only problem we must avoid is generating
the same sequence of random numbers every time
the program is run. The technique used in
MASTER is to be sure the RND function has a
different starting number or 'seed' each time. This
is accomplished with the statement
'I = RND( -TIJ' in line 8040 as part of the
initialization sequence. Using a negative number
as the argument for RND causes a function of the
argument to be used as the seed to start the
sequence of random numbers. TI is the value of an
internal clock that starts at zero when the com-
puter is turned on and increments every sixtieth of
a second. Since you are very unlikely to start the
program at exactly the same moment each time,
you are practically assured of getting a different
seed each time. If you use a negative constant
instead of - TI in line 8040, you will generate the
same sequence of random numbers each time. Run
the program this way and you will be able to
astound your friends with your psychic powers!
Now that we have a sequence of random
numbers, how do we turn this sequence into the
letter patterns for MASTER? Line 1020 does it all
in one BASIC expression: RN = INT
[RND[l)*N-(- 1), where N is number of letters
allowed in the game. See figure 3 for a graphic
illustration of how four random numbers are
converted into the four letters of a secret MASTER
pattern. RND(l) produces numbers in the range of
to 1, but this does not include either or 1
themselves. First we multiply the number by the
number of letters allowed in the game. If we allow
four letters (N = 4), then we multiply the random
numbers by four to get numbers in the range to
3.999.... Next we add 1 to make it 1 to 4.999....
Then we use the BASIC INT function to remove
whatever is to the right of the decimal point,
leaving us with 1, 2, 3, or 4. These numbers are
never actually converted to letters. Instead, the
letters the player types for a guess are converted to
numbers.
o
m
m
No. 59 -April 1983
MICRO
71
O CENTER
z
Z
Element #
<
u
BASIC
Figure 3
Function
I
2
3
4
J
RNDjll
555877482
68y()*J4948
«2«s^y.l.79
.0619696133
•4
2.22350993
2.75637979
1.^5 ^^^92
.247878453
+ 1
3.22J50993
3 756.^797^
4 M5^^-92
1.24787845
INT( 1
3
3
i
1
LETIER
C
C
n
A
The same technique can be used to get random
numbers over any range. For dice, multiply by six,
take the integer, and add 1 . For playing cards,
multiply by 52, take the integer, and add 1 .
(Converting 1 to 52 into suits and ranks is another
problem!)
Flags and Logic
One of the most powerful features of a
computer is its ability to make decisions.
MASTER uses the computer's decision-making
ability throughout its program.
Every decision boils down to deciding whether
an expression is true or false. The BASIC
IF... THEN construction decides whether an
expression is true or false. If the expression after
the IF is true, then whatever appears on the line
after the THEN is executed. If the expression is
false, then the rest of the line is skipped and
execution continues with the next line.
BASIC doesn't actually handle the words 'true'
and 'false.' Instead, it assigns - 1 to represent
'true' and to represent 'false'. When evaluating
expressions, any non-zero result is considered
'true'. To see this in action try the following
example:
10 INPUT "A=";A
20 INPUT "B = ";B
30 IF A= B THEN PRINT "TRUE": GOTO 50
40 PRINT "FALSE"
50 PRINT A = B
60 GOTO 10
Run this program. Type in a value for A, press
RETURN, type in a value for B, and press
RETURN. If the number you entered for A equals
the number you typed for B, then 'TRUE' will be
printed, followed by -1. Otherwise 'FALSE' is
printed, followed by 0. The number - 1 or is the
value BASIC assigned to the expression 'A = B'.
Line 180 in MASTER checks to see if the number
of correct position matches (PM) is equal to the
number of letters (NN) in the pattern. If so, the
player has correctly guessed the pattern and the
congratulation routine 6000 is executed before
starting a new game by returning to line 100.
Now enter the following program example that
demonstrates the use of a flag.
10 INPUT A
20 IF A THEN PRINT
30 PRINT "FALSE"
40 GOTO 10
TRUE": GOTO 40
Try a few numbers. Every number except will
result in 'TRUE' being printed. Entering will
produce a 'FALSE'. The 'A' in line 20 is evaluated
just like any other expression. If it is non-zero
then it is considered true.
A flag is a convenient device in a program. It
can be either set [true or - 1) or clear (false or 0].
BASIC doesn't have a special variable type for
flags, but either integer of floating point variables
may be used that way. MASTER uses several
variables as flags: RP, RQ, and the arrays PF( ) and
PG( ). RP is set or cleared in the game selection
routine (in line 7100, 7200, or 7300), depending or
the game chosen. In line 1030, if RP is set ( = - 1)
then lines 1040-1080, which prevent duplicate
letters in the pattern, are skipped. RQ stays
cleared unless a duplicate letter is found. If the
flag is set, then the program returns to 1020 to
determine a new number. Each element of the
secret pattern has an element in the flag array
PF( ), and each element in the guessed pattern has
an element in the flag array PG( ). See the
discussion under "Processing a Guess" for details
of how these flags are used.
Another interesting use of a flag is in the
display of the congratulation message (6080-6150).
A FOR... NEXT loop is used to alternate the
variable I between - 1 and 0. The flag I is tested in
lines 6090 and 6120. If the flag is set, then the
reverse-field character is printed. When the flag is
clear, the following message is printed in normal
characters. This produces the alternating reverse-
field effect.
The program has to make decisions in a
number of other places, evaluating an expression
72
MICRO
No. 59 -April 1'
to determine what to do next. The IF... THEN
statement is used most commonly for decision
making, but ON...GOSUB and ON. ..GOTO are
also used. ON...GOSUB is used in line 110 to
decide whether to generate a random pattern in a
1 -player game, or to let a player input a pattern.
Processing a Guess
As explained earlier, the match count is
determined by first checking for exact position
matches and then going through to check for out-
of-position matches. No element in either the
secret or guess pattern may be used more than
once in a match.
To avoid re-using pattern elements in matches,
we need to program a way to "cross off" pattern
elements that have been used in a match. In
addition to the two arrays of the elements
themselves, two corresponding flag arrays are
used.
At the beginning of the matching process, all
the flags are cleared, or set to zero (3010-3030). As
each match is detected, the flags corresponding to
the matched elements are set (in lines 3050 and
3550). The flags are checked in lines 3520 and
3540. If the flag is set, then the matching process
is skipped and the next element is checked. In
addition, when a match is found in line 3550, the
higher numbered elements in the guess pattern are
skipped by setting the loop index J to its
maximum value, NN. The NEXT J statement in
line 3560 sees J equal to its maximum value and is
fooled into thinking it's through with the specified
repetitions. Control passes to the NEXT I
statement in line 3570.
This process is graphically demonstrated in
figure 4. I is the index into the secret pattern,
while J is the index into the guess pattern. The
boxes indicate the two elements currently being
compared, PM is the number of position matches.
LEARNING O
m
and OM is the number of out-of-position matches.
A shaded box indicates a match and a diagonal line
through an element indicates that it has been used
in a match already. First, the position matches are
checked. The result is 1, with the D's in the first
position crossed off. In the program, the flags PF(1|
and PG(1) are set to -1.
Next, the out-of-position matches are checked.
Since the first elements in each pattern have
already been used, the comparison begins with the
second elements. No match is found for the B, so
the search continues with the third element of the
secret pattern and the second element of the guess
pattern. When the match is found with the fourth
guess element, these two are crossed off, and the
out-of-position match counter OM is incremented.
A match is found immediately for the fourth
secret pattern element, so the remaining two
elements are skipped, and the counter
incremented again. One position match and two
out-of-position matches are reported to the player.
If you are still confused about how this works,
try a different pattern and construct a table similar
to figure 4. You might also try running through
the program lines with an example.
Customizing your MASTER Game
Adding an EXPERT Level
Because of the way MASTER is written it is
easy to add your own version to the game. As an
example of how to do this, let's add an EXPERT
game to the three choices we have already. Add or
substitute the following lines to the program
supplied.
2100PRINT"[RVS]"CHR$(T-|-64)"[OFF]";
7050 PRINT"[CD][2 CR][RVS]1[0FF] EXPERT"
H
Rl
Secret Pattern
Guess Pattern
PM OM
I
\
(J
1
IP
B
A
c
I
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c
A
1
2
3-
B
A
c
1
J^
n
c
A
1
Figure 4 3
X
B
[A]
c
1
J^
c
El
A
1
A
^
B
A
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\
J^
c
c
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I n
2
^
B
A
c
1
Jii-
c
c
A
1 CJ
T
^
[Bl
A
c
\
j^r
c
s
A
1 (I
2
^
[Bl
A
c
4
xH-
c
c
[^
1 (1
3
J^
B
|A
c
2
^
y
c
A
I fj
3
js-
B
[A
c
■\
j^
c
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1
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X
v..
c
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1 1
4
js-
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X
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1
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X
\ 2
No. 59 -April 1983
MICRO
73
O CENTER
Z 7070 T = VAL(T$):IFT < 1 0RT > 4THEN7060
Z 7080 ONTGOSU 67100,7200,7 300,7600
S 7600 N=8:RP= - 1:G(1) = 8:G(2)= 12:G(3)= 16:
5 G(4) = 20:G(5) = 25
^ 7610 PRINT"[CLR]EXPERT GAME:"
III 7620 GOSUB7400
J 7630 PRINT"[CD][2 CR]MORE THAN ONCE"
7640 RETURN
This version of the game allows the first eight
letters of the alphabet. The operation of the game
itself is controlled by the values of N and RP in
line 7600. The rest of the program changes involve
adding the game to the menu and displaying the
rules. The value of N determines the number of
letters allowed in the game. RP is a flag, which, if
set, allows repeats of letters in the pattern [see the
"Flags" section above). The array G( J holds the
cut-off numbers of guesses for each congratulation
message. Adjust these values and program the
appropriate messages, as in the example above,
and you will be able to add your own game
version.
Congiatulation Messages
As part of the initialization routine, six
congratulation messages are defined in lines 8060
and 8070. You can change these messages, as well
as the cut-off values G( ) defined in lines 7100,
7200, and 7300.
Numbei of Elements in Pattern
The number of elements is four for all versions
of the game described so far. This number can be
changed to practically any number, the only
limitations being the width of the display and the
amount of memory in your VIC-20. The number
of elements in the pattern is determined by the
value of NN in line 8050 of the initialization
routine. Change line 8050 to read: 8050 NN = 3.
Now run the program. Notice that everything
works as before, except only three letters are
generated in the secret pattern, and only three are
expected in each guess.
To program more elements in the pattern, two
additional changes must be made, both in line
8040:
8040 FD$ = "[BLK1[SPC]":BK$ = "[CL]"
:CR$ = CHR$(13):CF = 204
With this change, five or six elements can be
accommodated without disturbing the rest of the
display. Substitute for line 8050, as above: 8050
NN = 5 or 8050 NN = 6. One solution for longer
patterns is to print the clues on the next line:
180 PRINTTAB(34)"[BLK][SPC]"PM;OM
Another solution is to further compress the letters
in the guess:
8040 FD$ = "[BLK]":BK$" ":CR$ = CHR$(13)
:CF = 204
Patterns of 11 or more elements require a DIM
statement in the initialization routine. For
example,
8050 NN = 1 1 :DIMR(NN),GU(NN),PF(NN),PG(NN)
along with one of the display adjustments above,
sets up the game for 11 elements.
Piogiam Description
Initialization (10): Subroutine 8000 sets up a
number of constants, and subroutine 7500 gets the
number of players.
Program mainline (100-200): Subroutine 7000
gets the skill level for the game and displays the
instructions for the game. Subroutine 5000 waits
for a key to be pressed before continuing with the
main program.
Line 110 uses the ON...GOSUB structure to
determine whether to call subroutine 1000, which
generates a random pattern, or subroutine 4000,
which allows one player to input a pattern. NP
can have only two values, 1 or 2. On 1, subroutine
1000 is called; on 2, subroutine 4000 is called.
GN is used to count the number of guesses.
Line 130 calls subroutine 2000, which prints the
header on the screen and receives the first guess.
The second and subsequent guesses return to line
140 where the same subroutine is called at 2020,
to avoid having the header reprinted for each
guess.
A '?' indicates that the player has given up. A
call is made to subroutine 9000, which prints out
the secret pattern. GOTO 100 starts the player out
with a new game.
Next the guess must be processed. Before each
call to the processing routines, the match counters
PM and OM are zeroed. Subroutine 3000 processes
the guess, first checking for position matches and
then for out-of-position matches. If PM (the
number of position matches) equals NN (the
number of elements in the pattern), then the
player has guessed the pattern. Subroutine 6000 is
the congratulations routine.
Line 190 prints out the results of the matching,
with the position matches under the heading 'ON'
and the out-of-position matches under the heading
'OFF'. When the TAB (12) expression is
74
MICRO
NO. 59 -April 19!
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Circle No. 36
O CENTER
2 encountered in a PRINT statement the cursor
J5 moves to the twelfth character position on the
« screen.
IE The guess counter GN is incremented and the
^ program loops back to 140 for another guess.
Ill Generate Random Numbers (1000-1110): This
■J routine is called at the beginning of each one-
player game to generate the secret pattern. In the
supplied version of the game NN is always 4, so
four numbers are generated. Line 1020 returns in
RN an integer between 1 and the number of letters
allowed in the game (N) . If RP is non-zero, then
repeats are allowed in the pattern. Lines 1040-1080
are skipped and RN is copied into R(I), the current
element of the pattern. If repeats are not allowed
(RP = 0), then each RN must be checked against
the previous elements in the pattern R( ] . In line
1040 RQ is set to to indicate that no element
has been found so far to match RN. If I = 1 then
there aren't any numbers in the pattern and we
can skip to 1090 and accept this RN. The
FOR... NEXT loop on J (lines 1050-1070) goes from
1 to the previous element (I- 1). If RN is found to
match an existing element (RN = R(})) then RQ is
set to - 1 to indicate a match has been found and }
is set to I- 1 to terminate the FOR... NEXT loop. If
no match is found, then the loop continues
through all the previously assigned elements. RQ
is tested in line 1080: if it is non-zero, then
another RN must be calculated (return to 1020); if
it is still zero, then we can accept the RN and
install it in the current element R(I) of the pattern.
The outside FOR.. .NEXT loop (1010 to 1100)
continues until all of the elements required in the
pattern have been calculated.
Process Guess (2000-2130): As .discussed above
under the program mainline, this routine is
usually called at 2020, but the first time the call is
made to 2000 to print the heading 'SELECT
LETTER ON OFF'.
The routine consists of a big FOR... NEXT loop,
where I starts with a value of 1 and ends with the
value NN, the number of elements in the pattern.
Within this loop, characters from the keyboard are
accepted or rejected. The GET function returns
with a character from the keyboard. If no key has
been pressed, then the string T$ is assigned a null
value. As long as T$ continues to be a null string,
the program will keep looping on line 2060. As
soon as a key is pressed, the program continues at
line 2070. Normally, when the GET function is
used, the cursor does not flash. POKEing a into
CF (a constant set to 204 in the initialization)
starts the cursor flashing; POKEing a 1 turns it off.
It must be turned off between GETs to avoid
depositing cursor characters in unwanted places.
Two special characters '♦-' and '?' are tested. On
'♦- ', the loop is terminated by setting I to NN ani
executing a NEXT statement. The GOTO 2030
starts the loop over again. If we had failed to
terminate the loop (by omitting the I = NN and
NEXT statements) the user would be able to eras!
the program by repeatedly hitting the ' ♦-' key.
BASIC keeps track of each FOR... NEXT loop in ai
area of memory called the stack. If we don't
terminate a loop, that information continues to
occupy space on the stack. Repeated calls to 2030
with the ' ■•- ' key will continue to build up new
FOR... NEXT information on the stack until there
is no room left. At this point the program crashes
with an ?OUT OF MEMORY ERROR. The '?'
character is dealt with similarly. The FOR... NEXT
loop is terminated and a RETURN is made to the
program mainline.
Other characters are converted in line 2100 to
their numeric codes with the ASC function. The
code for the letter A is 65, so subtracting 64
converts letters into numbers beginning with 1 . If
T is less than 1 or greater than the number of
letters allowed in the pattern, then BK$ (a
constant defined as two [CL] characters) is printed
and the program branches to 2050 to GET another
character. If the character is accepted, then the
appropriate colored letter block OB$(T) is printed
and the number T is stored in the current element
of the guess pattern GU(I). RETURN takes the
flow back to the mainline.
Matching Routines (3000-3580): These routine;
are described in more detail in the main text unde
the section "The Matching Process."
3010-3030 clear the flag arrays PG[ ) and PF( )
by setting them to zero. 3050-3070 advance,
position by position, through the secret pattern
R( ) and guess pattern GU( ) arrays checking for
matches. If a match is found, the position match
counter PM is incremented and the corresponding
flags are set to - 1 .
Line 3500-3580 check all the other possibilities
for matches. The flags are used to cross off
elements as they are matched. Some economy is
achieved by skipping over crossed-off elements
(lines 3520 and 3540) and by terminating the
inside loop as soon as a match is found [| = NN at
the end of line 3550).
Input Pattern with Two Players (4000-4160):
After the instructions are displayed, this routine
accepts letters one-by-one until the pattern is
filled. It is similar to the guess-processing routine
(2000-2130). Instead of filling the guess array, the
secret pattern array R( ) is filled. See the
description above for details.
ANY KEY WHEN READY (5000-5020): The
string CN$ is a constant defined in the
initialization routine. The result is to print the
76
MICRO
No. 59- April If
Now ¥DU can write professional quality
interactive Computer^ Assisted
Instruction matemis and simulations
EnBASIC" can help YOU
USER-FRIENDLY INPUT
RNSWER JUDGING
1 1 1 '^r -oi -Trie j I ''i i j ri t e r
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Advanced input handling affords you:
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■ Automatic indication of spelling and typing errors
■ Character-by-character error feedback for missing,
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You get all these features simply by specifying a correct
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For more informatbn contact: Jane Wescott, 286 Congress Street, Boston, MA 02210 (617) 426-2224.
circle No. 39
No. 59 -April 1983
MICRO
77
O CENTER
message 'ANY KEY WHEN READY' at the bottom
of the screen. The one-line GET loop must receive
Z a key before a RETURN.
flC Congratulation Routine (6000-6190): 6010-6060
^ use the number of guesses GN to determine the
III congratulation message. The array G( ) is set up
^ for each version of the game in 7100, 7200, or
7300. The messages MS$( ) are set up as constant
strings during initialization. By comparing GN to
each cutoff value G( ) with the < = (less than or
equal to) operation, the subscript MS for the array
MS$( ) is determined.
Lines 6070-6180 display the congratulation
screen, alternating the message and the number of
guesses between reversed and normal characters.
The use of I as a flag is discussed above under
"Flags." If 1= - 1 then the [RVS] character is
printed. Its value alternates between - 1 and 0.
The string functions STR$ and MID$ applied to
GN in line 6130 make the display of the number
of guesses more attractive. The STR$ function
converts the number GN to a string of characters.
Positive numbers leave a space in front of the
numeric characters that normally would be
occupied by the ' - ' character. To get just the
numeric part of the string the MID$ is used in a
special way to get all the characters from the
second position on. Normally the items included
in the parentheses after MID$ are the name of the
string, the character position to start, and the
number of characters to extract. If just the first
two items are included, then the remainder of the
string is the result. Specifying 2 for the second
parameter converts the string of the number of
guesses to the same string without the leading
space.
Line 6140 is a FOR... NEXT loop that does
nothing between the FOR and the NEXT! By
adjusting the number after the TO, you can
achieve a delay in the program of nearly any
desired time. Here it controls the rate of the
flashing.
The GET function is used in line 6170 in a way
opposite to its use in 2050, 4090, 5000, and 7060.
As long as no key is pressed (T$ does not equal
" "), the message continues to flash. When a key
is pressed, the RETURN instruction is executed.
Select Game and Display Instructions
(7000-7440): 7010-7040 display a menu listing the
different games available. Line 7060 awaits a key,
which is converted to a number and tested against
the range of the menu in line 7070. If the key is
out of range, then the program branches back to
7060 for another key. The ON...GOSUB
instruction in line 7080 calls 7100 if T is 1, 7200
if T is 2, or 7300 if T is 3.
Each of these set-up-and-display routines
establishes N (the number of letters allowed in the
game), RP (the flag determining whether or not
repeats are allowed), and G( ) (the array of guess
number cutoff values for the congratulation
messages). Then the name of the game is
displayed. Next subroutine 7400, which displays
parts of the instructions common to all games, is
called. Finally, the rule regarding repeats is printed
in the proper place.
Subroutine 7400 first prints the colored letter
blocks corresponding to the number of letters
allowed (N). If the number allowed is four, the
first four letter blocks are printed. Then the
portion of the directions common to all versions of
the game is printed.
Get Number of Players (7500-7520): This
subroutine is called once when the program is first
run. It uses subroutine 5010 (5000 without the
ANY KEY WHEN READY message) to GET a key.
Only 1 or 2 is accepted and the value is returned
inNP.
Initialization (8000-8080): Sets up constants
used in the program. See variable usage table for
descriptions of the variables.
Print Pattern on Give-up (9000-9040): The
secret pattern is printed out in the appropriate
colored letter blocks, using the secret pattern array
R( ). Subroutine 5000 is used to wait for a key
before starting a new game.
Running MASTER on oiner Commodore Computers
The program will run as it i<! on i Commodore 64. For
PET Computers, change the value of CF from 204 to 167
(line 8040;. Also, omit the coloi control codes.
MASTER LIMIng
10 OOiUB 8000:1^0= I ibrSOOil^ci SET UP COHSTHNTS,
-Elect # of plovers
len GO<^UB7O0O:r,/l<:iiP5**0li:FLM SELECT GAME LEVEL,
110 OUNP UMITFORKEV
C>03UB- 1000,4060:
REM PflHDfM Lik i^L"-ER-IHPUT PftTTERN
120 IjN»1
IjU GOSUB20O0:GOlUl'.ri;PEM HEADER, ENTER GUESS
140 GOEUB^aSOrFEM F^fEi: GUESS <:N0 HERDER.'^
150 IF T»="'"
THEM GOSUB JOQO:
GOTO 100
160 FM=0ian'0
170 GOSUB 30UOI
REM PR0CE5= Gntb- HETURH PM,Ot1
ten IF PM-NN
THEN GnsuC cOOO:
GOTO 100
19P PPINT TflB'l*.' LEL' - PMjOM
200 GH=GN+I :
GOTU 140
10OO FEM GENEFMrt" FHUfUitl NUMBERS
lUlO FOP I--1 Tn NN
1020 RM-I^4TrRNI■<.l <4>M>1
78
MICRO
No. 59 -April 1983
SOUTHWESTERN DATA SYSTEMS
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Circle No. 40
No. 59 - April 1983
MICRO
79
MASTER Listing (continued)
MASTER Listing (continued)
1030 IF RP
THEN 1090
4070 PRINT FD*;
1040 RQ=0:
4030 POKE CF,0
IF 1 = 1
4090 GET T* :
THEN 1090
IF T*=""
1050 FOR J=l TO I-l
THEN 4090
1060 IF rh=R'.:j:>
4100 POKE CF,1
THEN RQ=-1 !
4110 IF T«»"<-"
J=I-1
THEN PRINT EK* :
1070 NEXT J
I=NN!
10Se IF RQ
NEXT :
THEN 1020
GOTO 4060
1050 R';i>=RH
4 1 20 T=ASC •;■ T* > -64 :
1100 NEXT I
IF T<:i OR T>N
1110 RETURN
THEN 4030
2000 REM PRINT HEADER
4130 PRINT i:ie*';t:>;
2010 PRINT "CCLR]:RVS]C PUR] SELECT LETTER
4140 R<:i>=T
[OFF] ON off: CD 3"
4150 NEXT
2020 REM PROCESS GUESS
4160 RETURN
2030 FOR 1=1 TO HN
5000 PRINT CN*
2040 PRINT FD«;
5010 GET T*:
2050 POKE CF,0
IF T*=""
2060 CET T**
THEN 5010
IF T*=""
5020 RETURN
THEN 2060
2070 POKE CF,1
6000 REM CONGRmTULATIONS
20S0 IF T*="<-"
6010 IF GN=1
THEN PRINT C.R*":CU] CCU]"i
THEN MS=1 :
I=HN!
GOTO 6070
NEXT !
6020 IF GN<:=G<i:)
GOTO 2030
THEN MS=2!
2090 IF T*="?"
GOTO 6070
THEN I=HN:
6030 IF GN<=G<:2;'
NEXT :
THEN MS=3:
GOTO 2140
GOTO 6070
2100 T=flSC';T*:>-64:
6040 IF GN<=G<:3>
IF T<1 OR T>N
THEN MS=4!
THEN PRINT BK*; :
GOTO 6070
GOTO 2040
6050 IF GN-':=G<4:)
2110 PRINT 0B«<:T>;
THEN MS=5:
2120 GU<:i:>=T
GOTO 6070
2130 NEXT I
6060 MS=6
2140 RETURN
6070 PRINT "CCLR]";
6080 FOR I=-l TO
3000 REM CLEFIR FLmGS
6090 IF I
3010 FOR 1=1 TO NN
THEN PRINT "CRVS]";
3020 PF';i>=0:
6100 PRINT "CHOME]CRED]"MS*aiS>
PG'; I .')=e
6110 PRINT "CCD]CPUR]VOU TOOK CCVN:"j
3030 NEXT I
6120 IF I
3040 REM CHECK FOR POSITION MATCHES
THEN PRINT "CRVS]";
3050 FOR 1=1 TO NN
6 1 30 PR I NT M I D* ':. STR* ■; GN ') . 2 > ; " C OFF ]
3060 IF Ra:>=GU<:i:)
CPUR: TRIES! "
THEN PF';i:)=-l ;
6140 FOR J=l TO 200:
PC'Ci:)=-l :
NEXT J
PM=PM+1
6150 NEXT I
3070 NEXT I
6160 PRINT CH*
3500 REM CHECK FOR OTHER MATCHERS
6170 GET T*:
IF T*<>""
THEN RETUPJ-I
3510 FOR 1=1 TO NN
3520 IF PGCi:)
6130 GOTO 60S0
THEN 3570
3S30 FOR .T=l TO NN
7000 REM PROCESS INITIAL CONDITIONS
3540 IF PFCJ:)
THEN 3560
7010 PRINT "CCLR] SELECT GAME:"
7020 PRINT "CCD:CCR]CCR]CRVS]1C0FF: EASY"
3550 IF R<.I>=GU<.J>
7030 PRINT "ccd:ccr::cr]crvs]2Coff: mid"
THEN 0M=0M+1 :
7040 print "CCD]Ccr]ccr::rvs: scoff: hard"
pfcj:)=-i :
7060 GET T*;
PGCI>=-1 :
IF T*=""
J=NN
THEN 7060
3560 NEXT J
7070 t=val<:t*:) s
3570 NEXT I
IF T<1 OR T>3
3580 RETURN
THEN 7060
4000 REM INPUT PATTERN
7080 OH T
4010 PRINT "CC.LR30NE PLflVER ENTERS"
GOSUB 7 1 00 ., 7200 .. 7300
4020 PRINT " PATTERN"
7090 RETURN
4030 PRINT "WHILE OTHER PLAVER"
7100 N=4 :RP=0 iGC 1 :)=3 :G';2:j=5 !G';3> = 7 :
4040 PRINT " LOOKS AWAV"
G';4> = ie:G(5:) = 15
4050 PRINT "C CD] ENTER PATTERN:"
7110 PRINT "CCLRDEASV GAME:"
4060 FOR 1=1 TO NN
7120 GOSUB 7400
80
MICRO
No, 59 ■ Aoril 19c
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CPV-251 Present Value 10.95
CPV-269 Super Broker 12.95
CPV-270 Syndlcator - calculates whether to buy or sell 13.95
CPV-274 Ticker Tape - maintains investments profile 14.95
CPV-276 Un-Word Processor - screen editor 16.95
CPV-286 Phone Directory - never lose a phone number again 9.95
CS-111 Checkbook - home ■utility ■ program 14.95
CPV-294 Calendar My Appointments - print a calendar 14.95
for every month m any year
CPV-296 The Budgeter - place your personal finances in order 12.95
CS1
QUICK BROWN FOX
The Word Processor of this decade!
$60.50
COMMODORE SOFTWARE
VIC-1211A VIC-20 Super Expander $57.99
Everything Commodore could pack into one cartridge - 3K RAM memory expansion,
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multicolor and music modes 1024x1024 dot screen plotting. All commands may be
typed as new BASIC commands or accessed by hitting one of the VIC'S special
function keys. Includes tutorial instruction book. Excellent for all programming levels.
VIC-1212 Programmer's Aid Cartridge $45.99
More than 20 new BASIC commands help new and experienced programmers
renumber, trace and edit BASIC programs. Trace any program line-by-line as it
executes, pause to edit. Special KEY command lets programmers redefine function
keys as BASIC commands, subroutines or new commands.
VIC-1213 VICMON Machine Language Monitor $48 99
Helps machine code programmers write fast, efficient 6502 assembly language
programs. Includes one line assembler/disassembler.
NEW GAMES FOR YOUR VIC-20®
CC58 AstroblltZ - This game is challenging, even to a
VIC-MASTER! Navigate your ship carefully to avoid being hit by enemy fire.
CC60 Terraguard - speed and careful skill will enable you to
once again destroy the aliens. Too slow? You're destroyed by their beam.
CC98 Serpentine - This game will test your patience &
skill. Object - to survive long enough to lay eggs and raise your young.
CC500 Intruder- Scrambler - m your bomber, invade the
defending scramble system, dodging rockets, to blow up enemy posts, etc.
CC101 Chopllfter - Rescue the American hostages & return
them safety to the IJ.S. You will encounter tanks, jets and kilter satellites.
CC102 Black Hole - Your mission is, simply, to survive! Your
ship must not be hit by space objects or sucked into the Black Hole!
CC104 Apple Panic - Speed is required! Destroy the
apple monsters by digging holes in the brick floors tor them to fall into
CC65 Video Mania - introducing your enemies: EVIL EYE.
WALWOKER, KILLERBOX. Your only defense - throw your alien zapperl
CS1 Flags of Nations - a game that challenges players
to identify flags orvarious widely-known nations of the world.
CS2 Flags of Nations - Second Edition - a field of
34 flags of lesser known nations of the world.
CS3 Cities and States - a game that draws a map of
a state or states and asks players to name key cities in those states.
CS4 Cities of the World - Deals with important
cities of nations throughout the world.
CSS Mountains and Rivers - Draws large geographical
area maps. You identify major mountain ranges, rivers & bodies of water
NEW GAMES FOR YOUR C-64
Tank Arcade (Also for VlC-20) - Pre-determine how many hits $13.95
it will take to wipe out your opponent. Then, on with the battle! Battlefield changes.
Roadracer - Choose the type of track & a time or lap race. Use 13.95
steady control at speeds of 50 to 200 miles per hour. Hit the wall & lose valuable time.
Shootout at the OK Galaxy (Also for VIC-20) - 3o alien 19.95
warships have entered your war zone. Shields up? Energy level OK? Defend yourself.
Galaxy - Have you ever wanted to conquer the universe? Send 1 9.95
your galactic fleets out to explore, solar system by solar system. From i to 20 players.
Bomber Attack - Ground to air warfare. You're In command 14.95
of a supersonic bomber over enemy terrain. Drop all 25 bombs on key locations.
Midway Campaign - Your computer controls a huge force of 1 9.95
Japanese ships trying to conquer Midway Island. Your only advantage is surprise.
Dnieper River Line - a fictionalized engagement between Russian 25.00
& German forces in 1943. Soviet forces, controlled by the computer, seek to overrun
your line and capture sufficient objectives to attain victory. Four levels of difficulty
TanktIcS - Armored combat on the Eastern front of WWII. You 24.50
start outnumbered 2 to t but you choose your lank types before the battle.
Guns of Fort Defiance - You are the commander of a 19th artillery 20.00
piece in a besieged fort. Choosatype of ammo. Set the cannon's elevation, deflection
Computer Baseball Strategy - you. the manager of the 1 5.95
home team, test you skill against a wily and unpredictable opponent, your computer.
Lords of Karma - Like an intriguing puzzle! Decipher secrets 20.00
while exploring a mythical, magical city & countryside Avoid the lurking monsters'
North Atlantic Convoy Raider - it's the Bismarck convoy 1 9.95
raid of 1941! The computer controls the British ships. Will you change history?
Planet Miners - Compete against others and the computer to 1 9.95
stake valuable mining claims throughout the solar system in the year 2050.
Conflict 2500 - in 2500 ad. earth is threatened by attacking 1 9.95
aliens with an infinite It of attack strategies with which to tease the defending player.
Nukewar - Nuclear confrontation between two hypothetical 19.95
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Computer Acquire - New second Edition! The object is to 20-00
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galactic colonizing and conquest. Strange life forms & alien technologies - exciting!
Telengard - Microcomputer Dungeon Adventure game. Time 25.00
fantasy and role-playing. 50 levels of ever-more complex mazes to explore & survive!
MORE — MORE — MORE
Prices subject to change.
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FOR
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or C.O.D. (Add $2) Handling charges $2.00
VIC-20* is a registered trademark o( Commodore
Circle No. 42
ftssssssssssssssssssssses
No. 59 -April 1983
MICRO
81
MASTER Listing (continued)
?13ti PRINT "CCCOCCRDCCRDOHLV ONCE"
7'14gi RETURN
7200 N=4:RP=-1 iG', 1 .■)=4 :G<:2:)=6 :G<:3>=8 ;
G';4:) = 12;G<:5:' = 18
72 le PRINT "CCLR]riID GAME : "
7220 GGSLIB 7466
723G PRINT " CCD] [CRD CCRDMORE THRU ONCE"
7240 RETURN
7300 N=6!RP=-1 !G<:i>=5:Gc:2:) = 7:G';3> = 10!
G';4:) = 15:G';5:)=20
7310 PRINT "CCLRJHHRD GHME s "
7320 GOSUe 7400
7330 PRINT "CCD:CCR:CCR:M0RE than 0NC£"
7340 RETURN
7400 PR I NT " C CD D C CR D Z CR D " ; !
FOR 1=1 TO N!
PRINT OE*'-.!:)" "; :
ne;-;t !
pillowed"
ccddccriccrierch mfiv be used"
[6 cd]crvs]«-coff] to clerr guess"
ccd]crvs]?[off] to give upchome]
ccd:ccd]ccd]ccdd"
RETURN
PRINT
PRINT
PRINT
PRINT
^410
7420
^430
7440
7500 PRINT "[CLR][RVS]1C0FF] OR [RVS32
COFF] PLflVERS?"
7510 GOSUB 5010:
IF T*<:;"1" OR T*>"2"
THEN 7510
7520 NP=VflL';T«.) !
RETURN
MASTER Listing (continued)
8000 REM SET-UP OF CONSTANTS
8010 OE«';i:) = "[RVS][BLK]ACOFF]" :
ob* '; 2 > = " [ rvs d e red d b c off ] " :
0b*<3:) = " crvsd ccvndccoffd "
8020 ob* ■:: 4> = "l rvs d c plir d d c off ] " :
ob* < 5 .-> = " c rvs d c grn 3 e c off 3 " :
ob*<6:)="crvs]cbludf[off:"
8030 CN*="CHOME:C20CDD[CR:CCRDCPVRDANV KE't
WHEN READV"
8040 NN=4;
FD*="[BLKD >" :
BK*="CCL]CCL]" i
CR*=CHR*'.:i3> :
CF=204 :
I=RND<:-TI>
8060 MS*'; 1 .■) = "A PSVCHIC ! " !
MS* C 2.') = "EXCELLENT! " :
MS* •; 3 :> = " VERY GOOD ! "
8070 MS*';4.) = "G00D" !
MS*';5> = "FAIR" !
MS* < 6 :■■ = " TRV , TRY , TR Y AGA IN!"
80S0 RETURN
9000 REM PRINT PATTERN ON GIVE-UP
9010 PRINT cr*"ccu]crvs:give up?
COFF] PATTERN IS:"
9020 FOR 1=1 TO NN:
PRINT " >"0B*'::R<:I:>:)"C0FF]" ; ;
NEXT
9030 GOSUB 5000
9040 RETURN
MASTER for the APPLE
10 GOSUB SM: GOSUB 758181
IM GOSUB 70elel: GOSUB tiM: ON N
P GOSUB 1M0,.4M0:GN = 1: GOSUB
2el0el: GOTO 150
Hi GOSUB zeze
150 IF T$ = "?" THEN GOSUB 9000
: GOTO 100
160 PM = 0:OM = 0: GOSUB 3000: IF
PM = NN THEN GOSUB 6000: GOTO 100
190 HTAB 22: PRINT PM" "OM"
"NN - (PM + OM):GN = GN +
1: GOTO 1^40
1000 FOR I = 1 TO NN
1020 RN = INT ( RND (1) » N + 1)
: IF HP THEN 1090
10.40 RQ = 0: FOR J = 1 TO I: IF R
N = R(J) THEN RQ = 1
1070 NEXT : IF BQ THEN 1020
1090 R(I) = RN: NEXT : RETURN
2000 HOME : PRINT "SELECT LETTER
ON OFF WRONG"
2020 PRINT : POKE 34,1: FOR I =
1 TO NN
20'10 PRINT ">";: GET T?: IF T$ =
CHR? (8) THEN HTAB 1: CALL
- 868:1 = 1: GOTO 2040
2080 IF T$ = "?" THEN I = NN: GOTO
2120
2090 T = ASC (T$) - 64: IF T < 1
OR T > N THEN PRINT CHR$
(8);: GOTO 2040
2100 INVERSE : PRINT T$; : NORMAL
: PRINT " ";:GU(I) - T
2120 NEXT : RETURN
3000 FOR I = 1 TO NN:PF(I) = 0:P
G(I) = 0: NEXT : FOR I = 1 TO
NN: IF R(I) = GU(I) THEN PF(
I) = 1:PG(I) = ItPM = PM + 1
3060 NEXT : FOR I = 1 TO NN: IF
PG(I) THEN 3570
3530 FOR J = 1 TO NN: IF PF(J) THEN
3560
3550 IF R(I) = GU(J) THEN OM =
M + 1:PF(J) = 1:PG(I) = 1:J = NN
3560 NEXT
3570 NEXT : RETURN
4000 HOME : PRINT "ONE PUYER EN
TERS PATTERN": PRINT "WHILE
OTHER PUYER LOOKS AWAY.": PRINT
: PRINT "ENTER PATTERN:": FOR
I = 1 TO NN
4070 PRINT ">";
4090 GET TJ: IF T$ = CHR$ (8) THEN
HTAB 1: CALL - 868:1 = 1: GOTO 4070
4120 T = ASC (T$) - 64: IF T < 1
OR T > N THEN 4090
4130 PRINT CHR? (95);:R(I) = T:
NEXT : RETURN
5000 VTAB 23: HTAB 10; FLASH : PRINT
" ANY KEY WHEN READY"; : GET
T$: NORMAL : RETURN
6000 TEXT : HOME : VTAB 5: FLASH
: FOR I = 1 TO 6: IF GN < G(
I) THEN MS = 1:1 = 6
6030 NEXT : PRINT MS$(MS)" ";: NORMAL
: PRINT "YOU TOOK "GN" TRIES
1": GOSUB 5000: RETURN
7000 HOME : VTAB 5: PRINT "SELEC
T GAME:": PRINT : PRINT : INVERSE
: PRINT "1";: NORMAL : PRINT
" EASY": PRINT : INVERSE : PRINT
"2"; : NORMAL : PRINT " MIDDL
E": PRINT : INVERSE : PRINT
"3";: NORMAL : PRINT " HARD"
: PRINT :G(6) - 50000
7060 PRINT "WHICH?";: GET T?:T =
VAL (T$) : IF T < 1 OR T > 3
THEN 7060
7080 ON T GOSUB 7100,7200,7300: RETURN
7100 N = 4:RP = 0:G(1) = 2:G(2) =
4:G(3) = 6:G(4) = 8:G(5) = 1
1: HOME : PRINT "EASY GAME:"
: GOSUB 7400: VTAB 5: HTAB 1
8: PRINT "ONLY ONCE": RETURN
7200 N = 4:RP = 1:G(1) = 2:G(2) =
5:G(3) = 7:G(4) = 9:G(5) = 1
3: HOME : PRINT "MIDDLE GAME
:": GOSUB 7400: VTAB 5: HTAB
18: PRINT "MORE THAN ONCE": RETURN
7300 N = 6:RP = 1:G(1) = 2:G(2) =
6:G(3) = 8:G(4) = 11:G(5) =
16: HOME : PRINT "HARD GAME:
": GOSUB 7400: VTAB 5: HTAB
18: PRINT "MORE THAN ONCE": RETURN
7400 PRINT : PRINT " ";: FOR I =
1 TO N: INVERSE : PRINT CHR$
(64 + 1);: NORMAL : PRINT "
";: NEXT : PRINT "ALLOWED":
PRINT : PRINT "EACH MAY BE
USED": VTAB 15: PRINT " <-
TO CLEAR GUESS": PRINT : PRINT
" ? TO GIVE UP": RETURN
7500 HOME : PRINT : PRINT " " ; :
INVERSE : PRINT "1";: NORMAL
: PRINT " OR " ; : INVERSE : PRINT
"2";: NORMAL : PRINT " PLAYERS?"
7510 PRINT " WHICH?";: GET T$:N
P = VAL (T?) : IF NP < 1 OR
NP > 2 THEN 7510
7530 RETURN
8000 NN = 4:MS?(1) = "A PSYCHIC":
MS?(2) = "EXCELLENT !":MS$ (3)
= "VERY G00D!":MS$(4) = "GO
0D":MS$(5) = "FAIR":MS$(6) =
"TRY, TRY, TRY AGAIN": RETURN
9000 TEXT : HOME : PRINT "GIVE U
P?"; PRINT "PATTERN IS:": FOR
I = 1 TO NN: PRINT ">";: INVERSE
: PRINT CHR$ (64 + R(I));: NORMAL :
PRINT " ";: NEXT : GOSUB 5000: RETURN
82
MICRO
No, 59 - April 1983
TELECOMMUNICATIONS on theVIC and '64! I i^
"A versatile and exceedingly well-done package." David Malmberg. MICRO 1 '
"Simply the best & nicest VIC terminal software I have seen." 1 i
Greg Yob, CREATIVE COMPUTING |
We created quite a flurry and earned rave reviews with s
Termmal-40, the unique software that transforms tfie S
VIC screen into a 40-column smooth-scrolling display. -'^^'
And with features like a Receive Buffer and VIC
printer dump, Terminal-40 sets a new standard for per-
sonal modem communications with networks such as
CompuServe and Source. Our '64 Terminal does the
same quality job for the '64.
And now there's even MORE! ! ! SuperTerm-40 and
SuperTerm '64 support text storage to disk or tape
and program UPLOAD/DOWNLOAD. SuperTerms,
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parallel printers. .-,^
Choose the one right for you. Call or write
today for the "best", then . . .
For the VIC
Terminal 40 ir*^ »k npi 529.95
SuperTerm-40 im uk -m Call
For IhG Commodoie 64
'64 Terminal 529.95
SuperTerm '64 . Call
REACH OUT
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Circle No. 46
NEW FROM MACMILLAN!
BASIC 80© and CP/M'^
Jack J. Purdum, Butler
University 220 pp.
Paperback 1983
JACKJW
PURDUM
ORDER YOUR COPY TODAY!
A complete discussion of BASIC 80® and the
CP/M'' operating system. This new book relates the
key features of BASIC 80® to the most popular
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sequential, random and skip-sequential file
structures. Also included are: Coverage of many
useful subroutinesforapplied programs including:
binary searches, Shell and Bubble sort, as well as
range checks, direct cursor control for many
popular CRT's, and error messages under direct
cursor control.
* For more info about Macmillan books circle Reader Response
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No. 59- April 1983
MICRO
83
O CENTER
I Conservation of
ui Momentum for ATARI
''and COMMODORE
by Jerry Faughn
Conservation laws^ such as the conservation of
momentum^ are among the most important
concepts covered in an introductory level physics
course. This program examines the conservation of
momentum as applied to collision problems. Two
cars are sent toward each other to collide under a
variety of conditions selected by the viewer.
Programs such as this can be a valuable
instructional tool used in a physics class, either
as a demonstration or as an interactive tutorial
program for a student. But, you don't have to be
a physics student to have fun playing around
with it.
One of the parameters that the viewer must
choose is a value for the coefficient of restitution.
This number can range between the extremes of
zero and one. If the coefficient of restitution is
selected to be one, the collision is said to be
perfectly elastic. That is, when the objects collide
there is no distortion or bending of the objects.
Such conditions obviously do not prevail in the
real world of collisions between cars, but they can
and do occur in collisions between atoms and
subatomic atomic particles.
In the real world, collisions between very rigid
objects, such as billiard balls, are highly elastic. At
the other extreme are collisions for which the
coefficient of restitution is zero; these are called
perfectly inelastic collisions. Such collisions are
characterized by the two objects sticking together
and moving as a unit after the collision. This
program can handle elastic and perfectly inelastic
collisions as well as the broad spectrum between
these two extremes.
Two typical trial situations that you might
want to examine use the following parameters.
Trial one: coefficient of restitution = 1, mass of
blue car =20, mass of orange car =4. Trial
two: coefficient of restitution =0, mass of blue
car =10.
This program used player-missile graphics and
is explained via remarks within the program.
Editor's note: The Commodore 64 version uses the
C64 Sprite graphics. The two movable-object-block
graphics systems have a number of similarities, as
well as differences.
9 REM PRINT TITLE
10 GRAPHICS 18:SETC0CDR 4,2,2
20 P06ITI0N 4,4:PRINT #6 | 'CONSERVATION"
30 POSITION 9,5:? fthfOF"
35 POSITION 6,6:? #6 I "MOMENTUM "
40 FOR N-1 TO 1300:NEXT N
49 REM SET UP EXAMPLE COLLISION
50 GRAPHICS 0:SETCOLDR 4, 14, 4: SETCOLOR 2,9,4
60 POKE 732, i:? ">"
i "here is an example of a collision"
i "like you will see"
f"the blue car and the orange car"
r'vmve equal masses. blue has a speed"
i "of 2 m/s. orange 4 m/s. "
("coefficient of restitution is one, ": for n-1 to 1500:next n
99 rem parameters for initial collision
100 cor-i:mi-5o:m2-30:vii-2:V2I-4
110 GO TO SOO
200 GRAPHICS 16:SETCQL0R 4, 14, 4: SETCOLOR 2,8,4:REM INPUT PARAMETERS FOR NEXT COL
LISION
204 POKE 752, 1:? ">"
207 TRAP 213
210 ? "»HAT COEFFICIENT OF RESTITUTION":? "DO YOU WANT?": INPUT COR
211 IF COR<0 THEN GO TO 1000
212 IF C0R>1 THEN GO TO 1000
213 00 TO 216
213 ? "INPUT A NUMBER THRU 1 " : 60 TO 210
216 TRAP 1030
217 ? "VHfiiT WILL BE THE MASS OF THE BLUE CAR? ": INPUT Ml
218 IF MK-0 OR Ml>30 THEN 60 TO 1030
223 TRAP 1060
227 7 "WHAT WILL BE THE MASS OF":? "THE 0RAN6E CAR?": INPUT M2
228 IF M2<-0 OR M2>30 THEN GO TO 1060
240 TRAP 1073
243 ? "INPUT VELOCITY OF BLUE CAR."
246 ? "USE POSITIVE NUMBERS BETWEEN AND 10."
247 INPUT VII
248 IF VIKO THEN GO TO 1073
249 IF VIIMO THEM 60 TO 1075
250 TRAP 1100
232 ? "INPUT VELOCITY OF ORANGE CAR."
233 ? "USE POSITIVE NUMBERS BETWEEN AND 10.": INPUT V2I
234 IF V2K0 THEN GO TO 1100
233 IF V2r>10 THEN GO TO 1100
260 HP01-133-(V1I/(V1I+V2I) )»93
263 HP02-133+(V2I/ (V2I+V1I) )»a5
270 GO TO 301
300 HP01-30:HPa2-220:REM INITIAL HOR POS OF CARS
501 POKE 33248, HP0i:POKE 33249, HP02
309 REM CHOOSE REGULAR PLAYFIELD AND COLOR OF CARS
510 GRAPHICS 23:SETC0LOR 4,10,4:P0KE 539,62:P0KE 704,U6:P0KE 705,40
313 SETCOLOR 0,0,4:CQL0R 1 : FOR 2-42 TO SOIPLOT 0,Z:DRAWT0 159,Z:NEXT ZiREM DRAW
HIShMAY
520 I-PEEK(106)-32:REM RESERVE SPACE FOR P/M 6RAPHICS
330 POKE 34279, I:REM PLACE ADR IN P/M BASE ADDRESS REGISTER
340 POKE 33278, 0:REM SET COLLISION REGISTER TO ZERO
330 POKE 33277, 3:REM ENABLE P/M GRAPHICS
339 REM IF CAR 1 IS MUCH MORE MASSIVE THAN CAR 2, CAR 1 IS TWICE NORMAL SIZE
360 IF Ml/M2>3 THEN POKE 33236, llPOKE 53237, 0:S0 TO 600
370 IF M2/M1>3 THEN POKE 53236, 0:POKE 53237, 1:G0 TO 600:REM SEE NOTE ON STATEMEN
T 360
390 POKE 33236, 0:POKE 53237,0
too J-I»236+1024:REM LOCATION OF PLAYER
610 FOR Y-J+120 TO J+127:REM READ IN SHAPE OF CARl
620 READ ZIPOKE Y,Z:NEXT Y
630 DATA 0,255, 125,223,223,223, 123,253,0,235, 125,251,251,251, 125,255,0
640 J-I»236+1280:REM MEM LOCATION OF PLAYER I
630 FOR Y-J+120 TO J+127:READ Z:REM READ IN SHAPE OF CAR 2
631 POKE Y,Z:NEXT Y
632 RESTORE
660 FOR X-1 TO 220: REM MOVE CARS TOWARD EACH OTHER
670 P01-HP01+VlI»X/5
680 P02-HP02-V2I»X/5
690 POKE 53248, POi: POKE 33249, P02
700 IF PEEK(53260K>0 THEN GO TO 720:REM CHECK FOR COLLISION
710 NEXT X
720 V2F-M1»(C0R*V1I-C0R»(-V2n+Vl n+M2»(-V2I) :REM FIND VELOCITY OF EACH CAR AFTE
R COLLISION
730 M-M1+M2:P0KE (33260),
740 V2F-V2F/M
730 V1F-V2F-C0R»V1I-C0R»V2I
760 FOR X-1 TO 300; REM MOVE CARS AFTER COLLISION
770 POKE 33249, P02+V2F»X/3
790 POKE 3324S,P01+VlF*X-'3
790 IF PO2+V2F»X<20 THEN GO TO 900:REM STOP MOVEMENT
BOO IF Pa2+V2F»X >243 THEN 60 TO 900
810 IF P01+V1F»X<20 THEN 60 TO 900
820 IF P01+V1F*X>270 THEN 60 TO 900
830 NEXT X
900 POKE 33277, i:REM TURN OFF P/M GRAPHICS
910 BRAPHICS 16;SETC0L0R 4, 14, 4:SETC0L0R 2,a,4:REM SET UP SCREEN FOR DISPLAY OF
VELOCITIES
920 POKE 732, 1:? ">"
930 ? "FINAL VELOCITY OF BLUE CAR IS " ; ( INT (V1F» 100) ) /lOO
940 ? "FINAL VELOCITY OF ORANGE CAR IS " J < INT ( V2F»100) > / 100
950 ? "IF YOU WOULD LIKE TO TRY":? "ANOTHER COLLISION PRESS SPfiCE Bfifi"
960 IF PEEK<764><>33 THEN GO TO 960
970 GO TO 200
1000 ? "COEFFICIENT MUST BE BETWEEN ZERO AND ONE.":FOR N-l TO 50:NEXT NlGO TO 21
O
1030 ? "MASS MUST BE A POSITIVE NUMBER"
1031 ? "BETWEEN 1 AND 30":F0R N-1 TO 30:nEXT N;eO TO 217
1060 ? "MASS MUST BE A POSITIVE NUMBER"
1061 ? "BETWEEN 1 AND 30":F0R N-1 TO 30:NEXT N:GO TO 227
1073 ? "VELOCITY MUST BE A POSITIVE NUMBER."
1076
1100
1101
"BETWEEN AND 10":F0R N-1 TO SOrNEXT N:eO TO 245
"VELOCITY MUST BE A POSITIVE NUMBER "
"BETWEEN O AND 10":F0R N-1 TO 30:NEXT N:GO TO 252
84
MICRO
No. 59 -April 1983
1 REM COHSERVRTION OF MOnENTUM
Z REM BV JERRV FflUGHN
3 REM C64 VERSION BV LOREH NRIGHT
10 GOSUB40eO
1 5 PR I NT " TrtinmiawMW " trB': 1 4 :> "i^conservrt i on"
^0 PRINT"a]"TRE!'. ISV'aciF"
25 PRINT"!]" TRB', 1 6) "BIOnENTUM"
3e FORi=iTO£eieo:NE;n
35 PRINT"3*IERE IS 1=1 SRnPLE COLLISION."
40 PRINT"srrHE fIRSSES OF THE TNO CRRS"
45 PRINT" RRE EQIJRL. "
50 PRIMT"srrHE SPEED OF THE RED CRR IS"
55 PRINT" TUICE THRT OF THE BLUE CRR"
60 FORI = lT0X:eee!NEXT
(55 CR=1 !Ml=s30:M£=5e:Vl=^:Va=4
70 GOT 02 10
100 PEn PROORRM flfilN LINE
110 PRINT"3*JHRT COEFFICIENT OF REST I TUTIOH?" i INPUT " <'-/flLUE TO 1>";CR
1^:0 IF';CR'::0.iOR'-CR>l)THEN110
130 RR1NT"WHRT IS THE MftSS OF THE BLUE CRR?":1NPUT" <VRLUE 1 TO 50:)";M1
140 IF'.MKl 'OR':f1i:>50>THEN130
150 PRINT"WHflT IS THE fIRSS OF THE RED CRR-"'" i INPUT" <VflLUE 1 TO 5e>"jri2
160 IF.;M2<;i.>ORai2>50:JTHEN15a
170 1NPUT"VEL0CITV OF BLUE CAR <0 TO 10>",-V1
1 90 I F ', V 1< 1 OR C V 1 > 1 > T HE N 1 70
190 IMPUT"VEL0C1TV OF RED CRR ■; TO 10>"?V2
200 I F ', V£<0 lOR < V2> 1 ,) THEN! 90
205 REn SET STRRTIHG POSITIOrJS SO THAT
206 REM COLLISION OCCURS RT SCREEN CENTER
210 H 1 = 1 74- < V 1 ,-' '. V 1 +V2 ■) :» • 1 50
220 H2=174*':V2/';V1+V2:) 1*150
230 GOSUB3000 : GOSUB I 000
235 GOSUB2e00 : POKEV+2 1 ,
240 PRINT"3^IHRL VELOCITV OF BLUE CRR IS " 1 1 INT< VR*iee+. 5> J/100
250 PRINT"tf^INRL VELOCITV OF RED CAR IS ■' ; ^ INT< VB*100+. 5> >/10e
260 GLI3UB2000
270 OOTO100
1000 REM PERFORM COLLISION
1010 REM EXPAND EITHER CRR IF 5H HERVIER
1020 Z1=0:IFM1/M2>5THENZ1=1
1030 Z2=0!lFM2,''Ml>5THEN22=2
1040 P0KEV+29r21+Z2
1050 PUKEV+30..0
1100 REM RDVHHCE CARS UNTIL COLLISION
1110 X-0
1120 P1=H1+V1»X,'5
1130 P2='H2-V2*;<,r'5
1140 Ql=0!lFPl>255THENPl=P 1-255:01=1
1 150 Q2=0:IFP2>255THENP2=P2-255sG2-2
1160 POKEV.Pl :P0KEV+2,.P2iP0KEV-t-16,,01+G2
1170 IFPEEK':V+3OJTHEHPOKEV+30,.e3OOTO1210
1180 x=:-;+i
1190 GOTOl 120
1200 REM FIND FINAL VELOCITIES
1210 VB=Ml*'rCR*Vl-CRW':-V2')+Vl ■>*M2*<-V2>
1220 VB=VB/<Ml+f12>
1 23e VA=VB-CR*V 1 -CR*V2
1300 REM MOVE CARS UNTIL ON;,^ REACHES EDGE
1310 X=0
1320 pe"P2+VB*X/5
1330 PR=Pl+VA»X/5
J 340 PD=PB )Q2=0 ! IFPB>2f.5TNENPD»PD-255 :Q2-2
1350 PC=PRsQl=0:IFPR>255TNENPC=«PC-255iQl-l
I 360 POKEV , PC : POKEV+2 , PD : POKEV+ 1 6 , Q 1 +G2
1370 IF':PR':24--0R<PR>32J1THEN45ee
1380 IF:PB<24)OR<PB>323>THEN4500
1 390 OETT* 1 1 FTSO " " THEHl 500
1400 •i<=y.*i
1410 GOTO1320
1500 RETURN
2000 PC-rNT'' aM»MiT«MMtfT "'rtfitfwiiwmmmtmn"TflB. 1Q-."3»KI'^ KEV TO CONTINUE"
2010 GETT* iIFT*=""THEH2O10
2020 RETURN
3000 REM SET UP SCREEN
3010 PRINT'-J" :POKEV*33,-0
3030 POKEV, HI :P0KEV+2,.H2RND255!P0KEV+16,-((H2>255>*2+<H1>255>>
3040 POKEV+21 .3
3050 RETURN
4000 REM SET UP CONSTANTS & SPRITES
4010 V=53248:BL*=" | I I I | | I I I | I I I I I I I I 1 I "
4020 B=lL=>2*64
4030 REM CLEAR SPACE FOR TNO SPRITES
4040 FORI=0TO127iPOKeB+I.0jNEXT
4050 REM READ PATTERNS FROM DATA
4060 REM AND STORE IN MEMORV
4070 F0RI=0T026 ;REflOA :POKEB+I ,A iNEXT
40BO B= I 93*64
4090 FORI=0TO26:REflDA:POKEB+I ,A:HEXT
4100 REM SET UP POINTERS, COLORS, & V POS
4110 P0KEV+39,6iP0KEV+4e,2
4120 POKE2040, 192!P0KE2041 ,193
4130 POKEV+1, 149!P0KEV+3,149
4140 PC'KEV+21 .0
4150 POKEV+33,0!POKEV+32,1
4160 RETURN
5000 DflTA62,31 ,0,28.14,0,127,255.128,255,231,240,255,249,240,255
5010 DATn231 ,240,127,255,128,28, 14,0,62,31,0
Se20 DATAl 5- 135, 192, 7, 3, 12B, 3 1,255, 224, 254, 127, 240, 249, 255, 240, 254
5030 OATAl 27, 240, 31, 255, 224, 7, 3, 128, 15, 135, 192
t^caor
Let Unique Data Systems help you raise your sights on AIM 65
applications with our versatile family of AIM support products.
• Go for high quality with our ACE-100 Enclosure. It accom-
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ponents. $186.00.
• Get high capability with Unique Data System's add-on boards.
The u6s-1 00 Series Memory-l/0 boards add up to 1 6K bytes of
RAM memory or up to 48K bytes ROM/PROM/EPROM to your
Rockwell AIM 65. You also get 20 independently programmable
parallel I/O lines with an additional user-dedicated 6522 VIA, two
independent RS-232 channels with 16 switch-selectable baud
rates (50 to 19.2K baud), and a large on-board prototyping area.
Prices start at $259.00.
• If you need to protect against RAM data loss, the UDS-100B of-
fers an on-board battery and charger/switchover circuit. $296.00.
• Heighten your AIM 65's communications range by adding the
UDS-200 Modem board. It features full compatibility with Bell
System 103 type modems and can be plugged directly into a
home telephone jack via a permissive mode DAA. No need for a
data jack or acoustic coupler. The UDS-200 also has software-
selectable Autoanswer and Autodial capability with dial tone
detector. The modem interfaces via the AIM 65 expansion bus,
with the on-board UARTand baud rate generator eliminating the
need for an RS-232 channel. $278.00.
• The UDS-300 Wire Wrap board accepts all .300/.600/.900 IC
sockets from 8 to 64 pins. Its features include an intermeshed
power distribution system and dual 44-pin card edge connectors
for bus and I/O signal connections. $45.00.
• Get high performance with the ACE-1 00-07 compact 4" x 5" x
1 .7" switching power supply delivering -h 5V @ 6A, -h 1 2V @ i A,
and + 24V for the AIM printer $1 1 8.00.
Installation kits and other related accessories are also avail-
able to Implement your AIM expansion plans. Custom hard-
ware design, programming, and assembled systems are also
available. High quality, high capability, high performance, with
high reliability. . . all from Unique Data Systems. Call or write
for additional information.
Unique Data Systems Inc.
1600 Miraloma Avenue, Placentia, CA 92670
T
(714)630-1430
Circle No. 44
No. 59 -April 1983
MICRO
85
a CENTER
ISIs a Number a Number?
by Phil Daley
On your toes now. Here is a quick quiz: How
much is 7 + 5? a) 12, b) 14, c) C, d] all of the
above, e) I don't know. If you answered d, then
you may skip the rest of this article, unless you
made a lucky guess.
The answer depends upon the base of the
number system you are working in. Normally,
when you are working with everyday decimal
numbers, you are using the base of 10. That
means that each place to the left [or right) of the
decimal point represents a power of ten. The first
place to the left of the decimal point represents
how many 10°'s there are in that number. For
instance, a '7' indicates 7 * (10"). Since 10° = 1, 7
* 1 = 7. The number 7 = 7! When working with
base 10 numbers things seem pretty easy, but
humor me and follow along; it will get tougher.
What about 17? The 1 represents 1 * 10', or 10.
Add the 7 and you get 17. Each place farther to the
left of the decimal point increases the power of 10
— 10^ 10^ 10* ... etc. This gives you the one's
place, ten's place, hundred's place, and so on.
What happens when you use a base that is
different than 10 — for instance 16? I choose 16 as
an example since it is the basis of the hexadecimal
system, which computer people use all the time as
it is a more convenient system with which to
work. Now the first place to the left of the point
represents 16°, or ones. Sounds familiar, right?
However, how many numbers can be counted
until you have to carry over to the next place? In
decimal you count to 9 and then carry one to the
ten's column. In hexadecimal you count to 15
before the carry to the next column. This is going
to cause trouble. What happens after 9? You use
letters! The first six letters of the alphabet repre-
sent the numbers 10-15. Counting in hexadecimal
goes 1, 2, ... 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F, 10, 11 etc.
The second place to the left counts as 16^ or
16's, the third place (16^), 256's, and the foiurth
place (16^), 4096's. This is normally as high as you
need to go on microcomputers.
How much is 7 -I- 5 (in base 16)? Now you see
how answer C derives. Standard convention uses
the $ sign to indicate hexadecimal numbers. What
does $5CE equal? The answer is 5 * 256 + 12 * 16
-I- 14 * 1. 1486 in base 10.
A computer doesn't really understand
hexadecimal. A hardware circuit in the computer
has only two states — on and off or high and low.
These are represented by I's and O's. Since you
can count only to one before you have to carry to
the next place, this is working with base 2
numbers. Binary numbers are the code that
microcomputers understand; unfortunately they
are not recognized easily by humans and are,
therefore, prone to error in reading and typing. It
is simple to transpose two digits in a number like
%1 110010101 1001 10. The % sign is standard to
indicate a binary number. So that number is
equivalent to 58726 in base 10. (1 * 32768 + 1 *
16384 + 1 * 8192 + * 4096 -i- * 2048 + 1 *
128
+ 1
+ 1 *
* 2 +
64
*
1024 -h * 512 -h 1 * 256 -h
1*32-hO*16-hO*8-i-1
1). Not the easiest conversion.
A number like 961000000000000000 is
equivalent to 32768 in base 10, which is not too
memorable. In hexadecimal, it's equivalent to
$8000. Now perhaps you can see why computer
people use hexadecimal. When talking about a
microcomputer's memory map, pages of memory
are used as a convenient way to locate various
usages. For instance, in 6502 computers page is
used by the system for pointer storage (due to zero
page addressing), page 1 is used for the system
stack, and page 2 is sometimes used for the input
buffer. In decimal, that would convert to page =
to 255, page 1 = 256 to 511, and page 2 = 512
to 767. Hexadecimal notation is much easier to
remember — page = $0 to $FF, page 1 = $100
to $1FF, andj)age 2 = $200 to $2FF.
Even if you can't see much use for the different
numbering systems now, when you start to work
with machine language you may wonder why
anyone works with base 10. This program converts
any base (2, 8, 10, 16) into all the others. The
routines do the conversions the same way you
would do them by hand; you can learn the conver-
sion method as you type in the program.
This program should run on any computer with
86
MICRO
No. 59 -April 1983
Circle No. 43
The 68000
DREAM MACHINE
WE (SORT OF) LIED:
Motorola has been promoting its advanced microprocessor
chip as a vehicle for large, complex systems exclusively.
Now/, the 68000 does work well as the heart of big, complex
systems. But their promotional literature Implies that one
can only build big, complex systems with the 68000, and that
is dead wrong (in our opinion). Nevertheless, the public
(that's you!) perception of the 68000 follows Motorola's line:
Big systems. Complex systems.
Our boards are not complex and not necessarily big (starting
at 4K). Our newsletter is subtitled "The Journal of Simple
68000 Systems." But since the public has become condi-
tioned to the 68000 as a vehicle for FORTRAN, UNIX, LISP,
PASCAL and SMALLTALK people naturally expect all these
with our $595 (starting price) simple attached processor.
Wrong I
We wrote our last ad to understate the software we have
available because we wanted to get rid of all those guys who
want to run (multi-user, multi-tasking) UNIX on their Apple II
and two floppy disks. Running UNIX using two 143K floppies
is, well, absurd. The utilities alone require more than 5
megabytes of hard disk.
HERE'S THE TRUTH:
We do have some very useful 68000 utility programs. One of
these will provide, In conjunction with a suitable BASIC com-
piler such as PETSPEED (Pet/CBM) or TASC (Apple II), a five
io twelve times speedup of your BASIC program. If you have
read a serious compiler review, you will have learned that
compilers cannot speed up floating point operations
(especially transcendentals). Our board, and the utility soft-
ware we provide, does speed up those operations.
Add this line in front of an Applesoft program:
5 PRINT CHR$(4);"BLOADUTIL4,A$8600":CALL38383
That's all it takes to link our board Into Applesoft (assuming
you have Applesoft loaded into a 16K RAM card). Now run
your program as is for faster number-crunching or compile It
to add the benefit of faster "interpretation". Operation with
the Pet/CBM is similar.
68000 SOURCE CODE:
For Apple II users only, we provide a nearly full disk of un-
protected 68000 source code. To use it you will have to have
DOS toolkit ($75) and ASSEM68K ($95), both available from
third parties. Here's what you get:
1) 68000 source code for our Microsoft compatible floating
point package, including LOG, EXP, SQR, SIN, COS, TAN,
ATN along with the basic four functions. The code Is set up to
work either linked Into BASIC or with our developmental
HALGOL language. 85 sectors.
2) 68000 source code for the PROM monitor. 35 sectors.
3) 68000 source code for a very high speed interactive 3-D
graphics demo. 115 sectors.
4) 68000 source code for the HALGOL threaded interpreter.
Works with the 68000 floating point package. 56 sectors.
5) 6502 source code for the utilities to link into the BASIC
floating point routines and utility and debug code to link into
the 68000 PROM monitor. 113 sectors.
The above routines almost fill a standard Apple DOS 3.3 flop-
py. We provide a second disk (very nearly filled) with various
utility and demonstration programs.
SWIFTUS MAXIMUS:
Our last advertisement implied that we sold 8MHz boards to
hackers and 12.5MHz boards to businesses. That was sort of
true because when that ad was written the 12.5MHz 68000
was a very expensive part (list $332 ea). Motorola has now
dropped the price to $1 1 1 and we have adjusted our prices ac-
cordingly. So now even hackers can afford a 12.5MHz 68000
loard. With, we remind you, absolutely zero wait states.
'Swiftus maximus'? Do you know of any other
microprocessor based product that can do a 32 bit add in 0.48
microseconds?
AN EDUCATIONAL BOARD?
If you want to learn how to program the 68000 at the
assembly language level there is no better way than to have
one disk full of demonstration programs and another disk full
of machine readable (and user-modlflable) 68000 source
code.
Those other 'educational boards' have 4MHz clock signals
(even the one promoted as having a 6MHz CPU, honest!) so
we'll call them slow learners. They do not come with any
significant amount of demo or utility software. And they com-
municate with the host computer via RS 232, 9600 baud max.
That's IK byte/sec. Our board communicates over a parallel
port with hardware AND software handshake, at 71 K
bytes/sec! We'll call those other boards handicapped
learners.
Our board is definitely not for everyone. But some people find
it very, very useful. Which group do you fit into?
DIGITAL ACOUSTICS
1415 E. McFadden, Ste. F
Santa Ana, CA 92705
(714) 835-4884
Apple, Applesoft and Apple II are trademarks of Apple Computer Company. Pel is a trademark of Commodore Business Macliines.-
No. 59- April 1983
I^ICRO
87
O CENTER
2 Microsoft BASIC. It was written on an Apple and
" has two machine-dependent lines. Line 40 clears
J the screen and vertically tabs down the screen 10
K lines. Line 340 clears the screen and homes the
^ cursor. You should substitute the clear screen
III command for your computer in those two lines.
M The lower case is purely for cosmetic reasons and,
if you have only upper case, then that's what you
will get. The REMarks may be ommitted.
Octal numbers are halfway between
hexadecimal numbers and binary numbers. They
are easier to use than decimal numbers for binary
thinking, but they are not commonly used. The
standard notation for octal numbers is 6 [with two
dots above], not always found on computer
terminal keyboards. I assigned them the # sign so
that the program can tell the numbers apart.
When entering numbers into the program to be
converted, the program assumes all numbers to be
decimal, unless you prefix the number with a
special sign — $ for hexadecimal, % for binary,
and # for octal. The program does no checking for
proper input; you will get some very strange
results if you input illegal numbers.
Hopefully, the next time you see a binary or
hexadecimal number, you will understand what
they are all about.
Piogiam Description
[10] DIMensions the arrays to store the
individual digits of the numbers.
[20-30] Set up the functions to get integer
divisions and remainders.
[40-90] Present the introductory screen
information and prompt for the number to be
converted. A < return > quits the program.
[110, 170, and 230] check to see what type of
number you entered.
[120] Converts octal to decimal.
[180] Converts binary to decimal.
[240] Converts hexadecimal to decimal.
[350] Converts negative decimal to positive
decimal.
[370] Converts decimal to hexadecimal.
[440] Converts decimal to octal.
[530] Converts decimal to binary.
[710-790] Prints the results and waits for a
return to start over.
[800] A subroutine to convert numbers larger
than 9 into the A-F hexadecimal letters.
[840] A subroutine to divide A by N, assign
Q(I) the integer division result, and return with A
equal to the remainder.
[860] A subroutine to assign Q$() and Q()
arrays each digit of the input number.
Number Conversion Listing
lei DIM Q(2ei),Q$(2ei)
230 IF LEFT! (A»,l) <> "%•' THEN 340
590 N = 1024:1 = 6: GOSUB 840
281 DEF FN A(X) = INT (X / N): REM
240 REM Convert Hejc to Decimal
600 N = 512:1 = 7: GOSUB 840
Int function
250 A» = RIGHT? (A$, LEN (A$) - 1)
610 N = 256:1 = 8: GOSUB 840
3i DEF FN B(X) = X - FN A(X) »
260 IF LEN (A») < 4 THEN A$ = "
620 N = 128:1 = 9: GOSUB 840
N: REM Mod function
0" + A»: (Xm 260
630 N = 64:1 = 10: GOSUB 840
Ael HOME : VTAB H
270 N = 4: GOSUB 860
640 N = 32:1 = 11: GOSUB 840
50 PRINT "This program converts
280 FOR I = 1 TO 4
650 N = 16:1 = 12: GOSUB 840
numbers Into other bases."
290 IF Q»(I) < "A" THEN 3Uf
660 N = 8:1 = 13: GOSUB 840
60 PRINT "Input your number In t
300 Q(I) = ASC (Q»(I)) - 55: GOTO 320
670 N = 4:1 = l4: GOSUB 840
he following form:"
310 Q(I) = VAL (Q$(I))
680 N = 2:1 = 15: GOSUB 840
70 PRINT "<DECIMAL> or <-DEOIMAL
320 NEXT
690 Q(16) = A
>,<$HEXIDEOIMAL>,"
330 A = Q(l) • 4096 + Q(2) • 256 +
700 N = 16: GOSUB 800:B$ = A$
80 PRINT "<#OOTAL> and <$BINARY>.
Q(3) » 16 + Q(4)
710 PRINT "Decimal="
90 PRINT : INPUT A$: IF LEN (A$
340 HOME
720 PRINT ASAAVE" ("ASAAVE - 65536")"
) = THEN END
350 IF A < THEN A = 65536 + A
730 PRINT : PRINT "Hexadeclmal="
100 A = VAL (A$)
360 ASAAVE = A
740 PRINT H$
110 IF LEFT? (A$,l) < > "*" THEN 170
370 REM Convert Decimal to Hex
750 PRINT : PRINT "Octal="
120 REM Convert Octal to Decimal
380 N = 4096:1 = 1: GOSUB 840
760 PRINT 0$
130 A$ = RIGHT? (A$, LEN (A$) - 1)
390 N = 256:1 = 2: GOSUB 840
770 PRINT : PRINT "Binary="
1^0 IF LEN (A$) < 6 THEN A$ = "
400 N = 16:1 = 3: GOSUB 840
780 PRINT B$
0" + A$: GOTO li0
410 Q(4) = A
790 PRINT ; PRINT : INPUT "Press
150 N = 6: GOSUB 860
420 N = 4: GOSUB 800:H| = A»
< return > ";A$: GOTO 40
160 A = Q(l) » 32768 + Q(2) » 409
430 A = ASAAVE
800 A» = "": FOR I = 1 TO N
6 + Q(3) » 512 + 0(4) » 64 +
440 REM Convert Decimal to Octal
810 IF Q(I) > 9 THEN C$ = CHR$
Q(5) » 8 + Q(6); GOTO 340
450 N = 32768:1 = 1: GOSUB 840
(Q(I) + 55): GOTO 830
170 IF LEFT? (A$,l) <> "%" THEN 230
460 N = 4096:1 = 2: GOSUB 840
820 C% = STR? (Q(I))
180 REM Convert Binary to Decimal
470 N = 512:1 = 3: GOSUB 840
830 A$ = A» + C»: NEXT : RETURN
190 A$ = RIGHT? (ki, LEN (A$) - 1)
480 N = 64:1 = 4: GOSUB 84^
840 Q(I) - FN A(A):A = FN B(A)
200 IF LEN (A?) < 16 THEN k% =
490 N = 8:1 = 5: GOSUB 840
850 RETURN
"0" + A$: GOTO 200
500 Q(6) = A:0$ = ""
860 FOR I = 1 TO N
210 N = 16: GOSUB 860
510 N " 6: GOSUB 800:01 = A$
870 QI(I) = MID$ (A|,I,1)
220 A = Q(l) » 32768 + Q(2) » 163
520 A = ASAAVE
880 Q(I) = VAL (Q?(I))
84 + Q(3) » 8192 + Q(4) • 40
530 REM Convert Decimal to Binary
890 NEXT : RETURN
96 + Q(5) » 2048 + Q(6) » 10
540 N = 32768:1 = 1: GOSUB 840
24 + Q(7) » 512 + Q(8) » 256
550 N = 16384:1 = 2: GOSUB 840
+ Q(9) » 128 + Q(10) » 64 +
560 N = 8192:1 = 3: GOSUB 840
Q(ll) » 32 + Q(12) » 16 + Q(
570 N = 4096:1 = 4: GOSUB 840
13) » 8 + Q(l4) » 4 + Q(15) »
580 N = 2048:1 = 5: GOSUB 840
2 + Q(16) : GOTO 340
iMCRO
88
MICRO
No. 59 -April 1983
Circle No. 32
Circle No. 33
Ver. 2 For your APPLE II/II+
The complete professional software system, that meets
ALL provisions of the FORTH-79 Standard (adopted Oct.
1980). Compare the many advanced features of FORTH—
79 with the FORTH you are now using, or plan to buy!
FEATURES OURS OTHERS
79-Standard system gives source portability. YES
Professionally written tutorial & user manual 200 PG.
Screen editor with user-definable controls. YES
Macro-assembler with local labels. YES
Virtual memory. YES
Both 13 & 16-sector format. YES
Multiple disk drives. YES
Double-number Standard & String extensions. YES
Upper/lower case keyboard input. YES ^—^—.
LO-Res graphics. YES
80 column display capability YES
Z-80 CP/M Ver. 2.x & Northstar also available YES
Affordable! $99.95
Low cost enhancement option:
Hi-Res turtle-graphics. YES
Floating-point mathematics. YES
Powerful package with own manual ,
50 functions in all,
AM951 1 compatible.
FORTH-79 V.2 (requires 48K & 1 disk drive) $ 99,95
ENHANCEMENT PACKAGE FOR V.2
Floating point & Hi-Res turtle-graphics $ 49,95
COMBINATION PACKAGE $139.95
(CA res. add 6% tax: COD accepted)
MicroMotion
12077 Wilshire Blvd. #.506
L.A.,CA 90025 (213)821^340
Specify APPLE, CP/M or Northstar
Dealer inquiries invited.
S Dysan
^CORPORATION
better from inside out
at the lowest price!
Call our Modem Hotline ^anytime) - 619-268-448b
for exclusive monthly specials. Our free catalog
contams more than 600 fantastic values.
ABC Data Products
8868 CLAIREMONT MESA BLVD.
SAN DIEGO. CALIFORNIA 92123
ORDERSONLY
800-850-1555
ITT TELEX INFORMATION
4992217 619-268-3537
m
^^^MXW^M^
THE TACKLER - dual • mode parallel
INTERFACE FOR THE APPLEo 2 BOARDS IN ONE FOR NO MORE
COMPATIBIUTY PROBLIMSI
An intelligent board to provide easy control otyour printer's full potential.
Plus a standard parallel board at the flip of a switch - your assurance of
corrpatibility with essentially all software for the APPLE". Hires printing
with simple keyboard corrmands that replace hard to use software
routines. No disks to load. Special features include inverse, doubled, and
rotated graphics and many text control features, available through easy
keyboard or software commands. Uses Industry standard graphics
commands. This is the First truly universal intelligent parallel inteitace!
Change printers - no need to buy another board. Just plug in one of our
ROM'S and you're all set ROf^'S available for Epson, C. Itoh, NEC, and
Okidata - others ava ilable soon. Specify printer when ordering Call for
Price.
Super Pix
Hires screendurrp software for the Epson, OKI, C Itoh and Nee 8023. Use with Tymac PPC-100.
Special J19.95 (Specify Printer)
THE UPGRADEABLE PPC-100
PARALLEL PRINTER CARD
A Ur\iversal Centronics type parallel printer board complete with cable
and connector This unique board allows you to turn on and off the high
bit so that you can access additional features in many printers. Easily
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No. 59 -April 1983
MICRO
89
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A Beginner's
Computer Glossary
Mnemonic — A technique intended to assist humaE
memory; an abbreviation or acronym that is easy
to remember. A symbolic representation (e.g.,
ADD or SUB).
Modem — Acronym for MOdulator/DEModulator
A chip or device that converts data from a forir
that is compatible with data processing equip
ment to ^ form compatible with transmissior
facilities and vice veisa. It is often used to inter
face a digital device to a telephone line.
Module — A device or piece of equipment that is in
terchangeable with other components.
Monitor — 1. To control operation of several un
related routines. 2. A black and white or colo:
CRT display.
Mother Board — A circuit board used to connect othe
processor boards, such as CPU cards, cassette in
terfaces, and memory cards, to name a few.
Nanosecond — A billionth of a second.
Nesting — Placing a routine or program segmen
within a larger routine or program segment.
No Operation (NOP) — Tells computer t(
deliberately leave a blank to allow insertion o
data or information at a later time withou
rewriting.
On Line — A system or device in a system that i
controlled by the central processing unit. (Off
line means the equipment is not under control o
the CPU.)
Operation Code (Op Code) — A command, usuall;
given in machine language.
Optimize — Arranging instructions or data in th
storage area so that a minimum amount o
machine time is spent accessing the instruction
or data.
Port — The entry channel to which a data set i
attached. It is in the central computer, and eac]
user is assigned one port.
Circle No. 25
90
MICRO
No. 59 -April 198
Part 2
PROM — Programmable Read-Only Memory. Gen-
erally, any type of memory not recorded during
packaging, but can be programmed in later.
Queue — A line or group of items waiting to be
processed..
RAM — Random Access Memory. Provides im-
mediate access to any storage location in
memory. Information may be written in or read
out quickly.
Register — 1 . A device for the temporary storage of
one or more words to facilitate arithmetical,
logical, or transferral operations. 2. The hardware
for storing one or more computer words. 3. A
term used to designate a specific computer unit
for storing a group of bits or characters.
ROM — Read-Only Memory. A memory that is pro-
grammed in during packaging. There are many
types of ROMs. Information is stored permanently
(or semi-permanently) and is read out, but not
altered, in operation.
Routine — 1. A sequence of machine instructions.
2. A set of coded instructions in proper sequence
that tells the computer to perform an operation
or series of operations.
"Smart" terminal — A rudimentary smart terminal
consists of a CRT, keyboard, serial communica-
tion I/O device, and a microcomputer. It may
use peripheral memory devices such as a tape
cassette. A "smart" terminal provides built-in
capability not alterable by the user; an "in-
telligent" terminal is user programmable.
Subroutine — A program that defines operations and
which may be included in the main routine.
Text Editor — Facilities designed into a computer
program to allow keyboarding of text without a
format. Once placed in storage, it can be edited
and justified to the required specifications.
Variable — A symbol whose numeric value changes
from one repetition of a program to the next, or
changes within each repetition of a program.
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Apple II is a registered Irademarit of Apple Computer Inc.
Circle No. 51
No. 59 -April 1983
MICRO
91
Analysis of Bond Quotations
on the APPLE
by David C. Lewis
A program to compute information regarding the
performance of bonds. Data for computations is
available in financial sections of many newspapers.
The bond-analysis program presented
here grew out of the realization that I
was spending a lot of time with my
calculator and a sheet of paper, punch-
ing buttons and making notes. It occur-
red to me that it should be possible to
develop a program that prompts the in-
puts required, does the calculations
quickly without any superfluous in-
tervention on my part, and presents the
data intelligently. This program meets
my requirements.
Three things are necessary to
understand this program: you should
know a little about the bond market
and bond market quotations, you
should understand some (by no means
all) of the basic criteria that are used to
analyze bonds, and you should know
quite a lot about string-handling opera-
tions. This last item may surprise
many microcomputerists. However,
for reasons I will explain later, analyses
of bond market quotations rapidly
become a case study in string-handling
procedures.
Financial Background
Before getting into a program to
analyze bonds you should understand
what bonds are, and what the quoted
numbers relating to bonds are. These
basic concepts and data are used to
develop an approach to the analysis of
any particular bond and the bond-
analysis program. Basically bonds are a
type of promissory note or lOU that
many corporations, municipalities, and
state and local governments use to
finance their projects. To get a feel for
the numbers and diversity of bonds
simply turn to the financial page of
your local newspaper; generally you
will see only the corporate bonds that
traded recently (i.e., yesterday in a daily
paper). Municipal, state, and federal
government bonds often are not re-
ported, and corporate bonds that are
not bought or sold on any day are not
reported that day.
Typically, bonds are issued in units
of $1,000. The issuer promises to pay
the buyer a fixed percentage of the face
value of the bond each year until some
date in the future, at which time the
issuer will redeem the face value of the
bond. Thus, a 10% bond of 1983 would
yield its buyer $100 in 1982 and he
would get back the full amount
($1,000) in 1983.
Although a bond may have a
nominal value of $1,000, its actual
price may fluctuate substantially.
While no one should pretend to under-
stand all the factors that make the bond
market go up or down, many people
think that prevailing interest rates have
a pronounced effect on the market.
Thus, to induce a prospective bond
buyer to actually buy a bond, that bond
must offer the investor a return on his
investment comparable to what he
could realize by putting his money else-
where. If someone purchased a 30-year
bond in 1960 that yielded 7%, he
Bond Quotations
requires:
Microcomputer with
iVIicrosoft BASIC
would receive $70 per year from the
bond. If it were necessary to sell that
bond in a market where investors could
routinely get 14% on their in-
vestments, the original buyer would
have to reduce the sales price to $500 so
the buyer would realize 14% on his
purchase. If the buyer couldn't get 14%
then he wouldn't buy the bond. Of
course, this line of reasoning would not
apply if the bond came due in the next
few years, since the buyer could an-
ticipate getting $1,000 in return for
whatever he paid for the bond. For ex-
ample, if someone paid $800 today for a
bond that came due in 1983, then the
buyer would realize a profit of $200 in
1983, or a return of 25% on his invest-
ment. Thus, it is possible to make (or
lose) money on bonds in two ways —
from the interest payments and from
capital appreciation or depreciation.
Often I have heard my broker speak
of the "yield-to-maturity" of a bond.
This is the sum of the yield on a bond
due to its interest and the capital ap-
preciation portion of the bond. If a 10%
bond came due in 1990 and was cur-
rently selling for $500, then the yield
related to the interest income is
($l,000*10%/$500 = 20% and the
pro-rated capital appreciation on the
bond is ($l,000-$500]/((1990 -
1982] •$500) = 5.5%, so the yield-to-
maturity is 10% +5.5% = 25.5%.
Yields-to-maturity can be mis-
leading since they include two different
types of yields. The interest income is
available at least yearly and can be
reinvested and compounded. The yield
due to capital appreciation, however, is
prorated straight line from now to
maturity — there is no compounding.
For example, if a bond were bought for
$100 and matured 20 years later for
$1,000, the prorated yield due to
92
MICRO
No. 59- April 1983
capital appreciation is (($1,000-
$100)/($100*20 years)) = 45% per
year. However, if the bond were to pay
roughly 12% interest each year, and if
that interest could be compounded
without taxes, the investor would
realize the same capital appreciation.
This subtlety is particularly important
in analyzing zero-coupon bonds. These
bonds generally are sold at much less
than face value and pay no annual in-
terest. All of the yield on coupon bonds
is a result of capital appreciation. When
comparing zero-coupon bonds and
other types of investments, it is impor-
tant to consider the yield on a zero-
coupon bond (or any capital accumula-
tion yield) and some type of "deflated"
basis in which the lack of opportunity
to compound your earnings is factored.
Financial Calculations
The program here prompts user in-
puts and accepts inputs as they are
typically published in the literature
(i.e., fractional numbers are accepted
for price and interest, and the true price
is computed based on the price quoted
in the newspaper. The program com-
putes the following indices:
1. Interest paid per year in dollars.
2. Number of years from the current
year to the year of the bond's maturity.
3. Simple yield based on interest.
4. Yield due to straight-line capital ap-
preciation (i.e., no compounding).
5. Straight-line yield to maturity (i.e.,
the sum of items 3 and 4 above) .
6. The equivalent yield if the capital
appreciation could be compounded.
7. Compounded yield to maturity (i.e.,
the sum of items 3 and 6 above).
Finally, the program presents an an-
notated listing of each of the seven
items listed above and offers the option
of providing a hard copy of the program
output.
Getting the Data
A principal resource for data regard-
iiig bonds is your newspaper. If you
look in the financial section of your
paper, generally you will see a state-
ment such as:
XYZ INC 9 5/8 02 61 1/2
This means the particular bond issue
put out by XYZ Inc. has a yield of 9
5/8% on the face value of the bond
($1,000), will be redeemed in the year
2002 ("02"), and was bought for $615.
Note that the quoted price is a factor 10
times smaller than the price shown in
the newspaper (i.e., 61 1/2), and in-
terest and price quotations are typically
(although not always) given in fractions
of 1/8, and only the last two digits of
the year of redemption of this or any
other bond is quoted. Clearly, some
massaging of the input data is neces-
sary before the computer can compute
the various yields, dates, returns, etc.
Piogiamming Considerations
The main problem associated with
developing the program was creating
some mechanism to allow the user to
input data as it is typically quoted.
Microcomputerists familiar with
DATA and INPUT statements know
they accept either strings or decimal
numbers; Apple will not immediately
understand numbers like 9 5/8. To get
a microcomputer to accept and manip-
ulate what might be referred to as
"fractional numbers" it is necessary to
input the data as a string and develop a
way to evaluate that string.
The subroutine developed to evalu-
ate the string inputs is shown in figure
1. The routine is structured to interpret
a string by first evaluating the denom-
inator of the fractional number, then
the numerator, then the integer, and
using that information to compute the
type of decimal number with which the
computer can deal. If no fraction is
sensed for a number (i.e., if no "/" is
sensed) then the string is evaluated as a
number. This option is necessary since
bond data is sometimes quoted in in-
teger and even decimal form.
amined is a "/", it is compared to the
ASCII representation of "/" (i.e.,
CHR$(47) ). If a "/"is sensed, then the
program knows it is examining a frac-
tion, and that the MID$(I$,N,I) state-
ment has stepped its way from right to
left across the denominator. To sense
the value of the denominator, the pro-
gram simply backs the MID$(I$,N,x)
up one character and defines a new
string from that character to the right
end of the string using the RIGHT$
(I$,N- I) statement. Then it takes the
VAL( ] of that substring to get a real
number for the denominator.
To get a real number for the
numerator the MID$(I$, 1,N) statement
is used to search the string for a
"space." Thus, you expect a space be-
tween the integer portion of the frac-
tional number and its fractional por-
tion. As with the search for the "/",
the ASCn representation of each char-
acter in the string is compared with
CHR$(32), the ASCII representation for
a space. When CHR$(32) is sensed, the
MID$(I$,N,2) statement has stepped to
the beginning of the numerator of the
fractional input. To get the value of the
numerator, a new substring of 1$ is
defined that includes the entire frac-
tional portion of 1$ and then takes the
VAL( ) of the substring. Since the VAL
statement evaluates the string up to the
first non-numerical character (in this
case the "/"), what is returned is the
numerator of the fraction in the string.
The fractional part of the input string is
evaluated by dividing the numerator of
the denominator. It's that simple.
One problem was getting the computer to
accept and manipulate fractions.
The subroutine uses virtually all
the string-handling operations avail-
able in Microsoft BASIC. Apart from
some variable setting operations, the
first step in the routine is to determine
the number of characters [called N) in
the string using the LEN( ) statement.
Subsequently, each character in the
string is examined, starting with the
rightmost character, to see if it is a
"/".To break out each character in the
string the MID$( ) statement is used
where N, the number of characters in
1$, is obtained by counting from the
right of the string, and 1 indicates that
PI$ is only 1 character. To determine
whether or not the character being ex-
Evaluating the integer portion of the
input string is straightforward when
you know which character constitutes
the start of the numerator. Simply
establish a new string, starting from
the left, and use the LEFT$( ) state-
ment, whose length is the difference
between the length of the input string
and the string position of the first digit
in the numerator. Then take the value,
using the VAL( ) statement, of the new
sub-string. If you simply take the
VAL[ ] of the input string you will get
some strange number that includes the
integer and numerator characters. For
example, if the VAL statement were
used on the string 57 3/8, the computer
No. 59 -April 1983
MICRO
93
would read 573 (i.e., all numbers up to
the first non-numeric character, skip-
ping over spaces).
Once the integer and fractional por-
tions of the input string have been
evaluated, it is easy to develop a
number the computer can use — just
add the two numbers.
The subroutine described above
will evaluate fractional data inputs. To
complicate life, bond interest and price
data is sometimes given in integer or
decimal form. The subroutine deals
with this contingency by determining
whether or not it finds a "/"; if none is
found after stepping across the input
string, the program evaluates the"
number using VAL( ) on the entire in-
put string.
Another programming problem,
which also involves strings, relates to
the formatting of the output display.
The quantities that are calculated by
the program are routinely calculated
and displayed to nine significant
figures. However, there is generally no
reason to evaluate a bond's perfor-
mance to more than three or four sig-
nificant figures. Displaying all the sig-
nificant digits adds little to the utility
of the program and can make the
results harder to read and understand.
For example, if the number of signifi-
cant digits displayed can be limited, it
is possible to get the results of the cal-
culations all on the same line as the
captions, thus improving the readabil-
ity of the display.
I limited the number of significant
digits displayed by converting the
numerical results of the calculations to
strings, using the STR$( ) statement,
and then using the LEFT$( ) statement
to take the four most significant
figures. This simple approach is not a
rounding operation; rather, it is a
truncation.
The Bond Program
The program is designed to accept
data in the sequence data generally ap-
pears in financial periodicals, and also
in the formats that are commonly used
(i.e., fractional numbers).
The interest is computed in dollars,
paid per year, and assumes the bond has
a face value of $1,000. Thus, the in-
terest is $1,000 times the interest rate.
The total capital yield is simply the
difference between the value of the
bond at maturity and its purchase price
divided by the purchase price. To get a
prorated portion of this yield simply
divide the total capital yield by the
number of years to maturity. This
calculation assumes that the price of a
bond will steadily approach its mature
value on a straight-line basis; it makes
no allowance for market conditions.
The program computes a "net"
yield by summing the yields due to in-
terest payments and the yield at-
tributed to the prorated capital ap-
preciation of the face value of the bond.
As noted previously, these are two
rather different yields since "yield-to-
maturity,' while often quoted, is of
questionable significance.
There is a fundamental difference
between annual interest payments and
the prorated straight-line yield that
might be attributed to capital apprecia-
tion. In particular, the capital apprecia-
tion cannot be compounded. To get a
better estimate of the yield that can be
attributed to capital appreciation, com-
pute the equivalent annual yield that, if
compounded, would offer the same net
capital appreciation as the simple un-
compounded capital yield discussed
above. This yield is always less than
the uncompounded capital yield.
Next sum the equivalent com-
pounded capital yield and the interest
payments to give a more realistic yield-
to-maturity.
After completing the calculations
outlined above, you may want to make
a hard copy of the results, complete
another analysis, or quit. The program
is set up for an MX-80 operating with a
GRAPPLER. The printer portion of the
program may have to be adapted for dif-
ferent printers.
Dave Lewis is a scientific project officer in
the Department of Navy's Office of Naval
Research. He manages a variety of
electronic warfare and surveillance
programs, when he is not trying to beat
the bond market. You may contact Mr.
Lewis at 7417 Westwood Park Lane, Falls
Church, VA 22046.
iM
GOTO 390
560
REN
■ii
REM
580
VIAE 5: PRINT NAME OF BOND
in
PRINT »«**BONDS»»»»BONDS»«»»
;r INPUT TI$: PRINT ENT
BONIIS»*»»f HETUEN
EH INTEREST ; : INPUT BI»:I»
681
REM
= Bit: GOSUB 60:81 = 1/10
88i I
= 8!:N - tEN (I$): IF N - < '.
0: PRINT ENTER YEAR OF MATU
1 GOTO 350
HITY(2 DKITS) ; : INPUT YH»
na
FORQ = 1TON-1:V = H-Q
:YM = VAL (YMI) : PRINT ENT
:PI? = MID$ (I$,V,1}: IF PI '
ER BOND PRICE j: INFJT PRI:
$ = CHR$ (47) GOTO 220
It ' PR}: GOSUB 60:PR = I: HONE
. 150
IF PI$ = CHR? (32) GOTO 270
: GOSUB -660: GOSUB 30: VTAB
5: PRINT TIS;: PRINT ;:
lee
REM
PRINT B:»i : PRINT ; : PRINT
1781
NEXT : IF I = GOTO 350
YMJj: PR:NT ;: PRINT
198)
REM
PR»
28)8)
RETURN
950
PRINT :D - 1000 » BI: PRINT
228)
HEM
DOLLARS PAID/YEAR = »; : PRINT
230 Z$ = HIGHT? (I$,Q):A = 7At
D:DY = Y« - YD: IF DY = >
(Z$): GOTO 160
GOTO 1^60
278)
REM
1050 or = 100 + DY
288) B = VAL ( RIGHn (I?,Q)}:FI =
106e
PRINT YES TO MATURITY-; : PRINT
B / A:DI = N - Q:D$ = tEBT$
DY:Y = (BI / PR) » 10000:Y» .
(I$,DI):I = VAI (D?):I = I +
STR$ (Y):Y1» = LEFT* (Y$,4
FI: GOTO 160
):Y1 - VAL (YW): PRINT Yl
358)
REM
ELD=; : PRINT Yl; : PRINT %
368)
I = VAL (I$): GOTO 190
:YTM = ((100 - PR) / (PR » D
39ff
REM
Y)) » 100:T» = STHJ (YTH):T
me
HOME : GOSUB 30: VTAB 5: PRIliT
A» = LEFT* (T»,4):T1 . VAL
ENTER DAY DATE ;: INPUT D
(TAJ) : PRINT CAP YLD PER YH
D: PRINT ENTER M0NTH(1 OR 2
=; : PRIK: T1; : PRINT !t:TY
DIGITS) J : INPUT MB: PRINT
> Y + r:M:TJ = STH» (TY) :T
ENTER YEAR(LAST 2 DIGITS);
1* = LEm (TJ,4):T1 = VAL
: INPUT YD: HOME : GOSUB 166 .
(Tl$)
0: GOSUB 30
1320 PRINT YIELD TO MATURITY=;
: PRINT Tl;: PRINT ){:ZZ =
100 /PH:Z1 = ( LOG (22)) /
DY:Z2 =. (( EXP (21)) - 1) »
100:221 = STR$ (22):23? = LEBTJ
(22»,4);Z3 = VAL (23?): PRINT
COMPOUND CAPTL YID=; : PRINT
Z3;: PRINT S:C1 = Y + Z2:Y
t =■ STHJ (0Y):Y1$.=> LEFT*
(Y*,4):Y1= VAL (Yl$): PRINT
COMPOUNDED YIELD TO MATURIT
Y»; : PRINT Yl; : PRINT %: VTAB
20
1570 HEM
1580 PRINT WANT TO CONTINUE? Y
ES/NO/PRINT;
1590. INPUT C*:Z* = LEFT* (C*,l)
•- IF Z» = CHR* (89) GOTO 17
70
1620 IF 2* = CHR* (80) GOTO 183
1630 IF Z* = CHR* (78) GOTO 189
1640 PRINT ?;: GOTO 1590
1660 HEM
1680 HTAB 30: PRINT K); : PBIlfr
/; : PRINT MD; : PRINT /; : PRINT
YD: RETURN
1770 HOME : GOSUB 30: GOSUB 1660
: GOTO 560
1830 PRINT PH#1: PRINT S: PRINT
PR#0: GOTO 1570
1890 HOME : VTAB 12: HTAB lA: PRINT
FINIS: END ««-«*.
94
MICRO
No. 59- April 1983
A„„ou™.«,.v-..iar"'-
X.-
''■■f ':V-'
The best 65<^!^ii^Ptti^he^
TM
Here's What ORCA/M
you:
The Assembler
Macro language features
Condit onal assembly
source and macro files
' Separajp soufce and macro
files
Nestable macros
Parameter mid-string and_
^ is are documented
fearty andeKlensivety: Source
?-■ .«■ ■ "j-^Jistifigs for the subroutine"
.^»^^gd-£|6cr6,libi'3ries. as welF ' -
!|?i^cK'tlTfeo^Va1:iog ^sterii, are , '
i^^dji're'senous abdBt
^.' f .6502«dttware, it's
^K^^Sbt^Is l^rn year bear
"^^WTA c^lf gff-937-0200^
™;^:^pfireiKdfe'ic.48li: DOS3 3 ., '
^'•-';;i^Rwadfiif^sancl%4lc » ,
f^Sfexirnm'etided • • ■
between macros
Macro expansion
Count, length and
parameter-attribute
Circle No 47
'^■' '
sJl^i.'
LV-.
m^'
J,
Call on Eagle 8 Bit & 16 Bit
Computers and Software
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3SBO PRINTER... S 1999
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ORIVEB
5V<" 160K Disk Drive $249.00
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Mutual Fund Charting
Two programs to make, update, and print mutual
fund files on both OSI and Apple Computers
Buy low, sell high! Sound advice for
any investor but not easy to achieve.
The microcomputer has opened a new
avenue for the small investor to quickly
store and then easily display collected
data in a manner that can assist
materially in decision making — a vital
requisite to successful investing.
Mutual funds and money market
funds are investment vehicles tried by
many, including this author. Inspira-
tion for the program described here
came from an article in Creative Com-
puting (May 1981) that presented a
computer-assisted method of invest-
ment analysis developed in part by
Richard J. Fabian, a registered financial
advisor in the state of California.
Authors Browning and Clemmens en-
larged upon this procedure using a
SWTPC 6800 computer system.
A mutual fund tends to follow the
rise and fall of stock market averages. A
money market fund, on the other hand,
remains more stable. Exchanging the
stock fund for the money market fund
and vice veisa minimizes the effects of
falling prices but takes advantage of
rising prices. The investor must follow
stock market trends by charting
selected mutual funds and stock
market averages over a 3 9- week period.
When the current price moves through
the 39-week average an exchange signal
Mutual Funds
requires:
OSI with 065D or
Apple II with one drive
Dot-matrix printer needed for
hardcopy printouts
is generated. That is, when the trend is
downward, change to the money
market fund; when the trend is up-
ward, change to the mutual stock fund.
The program generated for this arti-
cle attempts to duplicate the approach
used by Browning and Clemmens, but
is adapted to the OSI-065D operating
system on a C4P-MF and an Epson
MX-80 printer. One part of the pro-
gram, "FILCHG," enables you to up-
date data files for each Friday's closing
price or when the fund makes a
distribution (dividend and/or capital
gains]. The other part of the program
arranges data from the data files for the
printer to display in chart form.
Data files must be established first,
then changed later. "FILCHG" pro-
vides this option in lines 80-120. The
funds and averages I selected are defined
as string variables (line 40) to be re-
called by either part of the program. To
initially set up the data files the latest
39 consecutive weeks of prices are
gathered from financial pages of major
newspapers. Option A is selected [line
120) and the program loops to line 490
where separate files are identified in a
printout to the screen (lines 150-180).
The file to be initialized is selected in
line 200. The value of X (line 210)
assigns the file to be worked to the
variable, N$.
Next, control passes to a subroutine
at line 690. Thirty-nine numerical
items are entered in an array, the file is
written (line 440), and program control
returns to line 80. A new file to be in-
itialized can be selected again until all
files are filled.
Previous and current distributions
of the fund must be considered to ac-
curately reflect current price trends. If a
distribution occurs during these 39
weeks it must be subtracted from all
earlier entries. Note that when a data
item is a distribution (see line 730),
program control goes to line 840. This
subroutine subtracts the entered
amount from each previous price, ad-
justs the loop counters, and returns to
the data-gathering loop at line 760.
When all data is entered, the file is
written (lines 440-470). A new file now
can be opened and this process repeated
or the program terminated, depending
on the choice selected in line 120.
Once files are established, you can
update the files each week or at regular
intervals by selecting option B (line
120). The program then moves to line
140 for a screen clear and printout of
the mutual fund data-file choices (lines
150-200). When a choice is made [line
200), the next statement defines N$ for
the subroutine at line 310. Here the
disk file is opened and data is taken off
the disk and placed into array A.
If the data is a price change, it is
entered at lines 390-400 as a string (to
accommodate the '/' symbol used for
exiting the loop). This string is changed
to a number and multiplied by 100 for
storing on disk which eliminates trail-
ing zeros. Line 430 discards the oldest
data and enters the new data in the
39-item array. The program now loops
back to line 400 for a new entry or the
exit ('/') symbol. When no new item is
to be entered, the 39 data items are
returned to disk (line 450). Line 470
prompts the user that the file is closed
and waits for any key press, after which
the program returns to line 80 where
the file choices are displayed again on
the CRT. Another file may be updated
or the program exited.
A final note on program "FILCHG' '
concerns entering a distribution. Line
350 asks if data is a distribution. If so,
the amount is entered (line 370), sub-
tracted from all entries in the current
L._
98
MICRO
No. 59 -April 1983
for APPLE and OSI
by Ralph H. Green
Table 1: Sample Printout
The -fol lowing charts eire plots of selected Mutual Funds
and selected Stock Market indices -for the past 39 weeks.
All points are corrected -for distributions made by the
-funds during the 39 weeks. All prices are the Friday
closing price.
No investment strategy is indicated from this data.
DcrtvM Jctm^s^ I n cd L^i^-t r- x si 1 A-s^^r-^tg^s
1049
1044
a
1033
ft
1015
■
1007
■
1004
■
999
ft
989
ft
984
ft
935
a
930
ft
915
ft
909
ft
903
ft
887
ft
874
ft
870
ft
865
■
Bt>0
ft
850
■ ■
845
■
840
■ ft
833
■
829
ft
828
ft
820
ft
812
"
811
ft ft
809
ft
805
ft ft
804
'
792
■
791
ft
787
ft
78t
ft
■
39 Week Average = 883.08
Percentage change since last high = 4. 17X
Percentage change since last low = 28. 12X
Most recent 4ntry is 11/19/82
the
to
39 updated items are
disk storage (lines
file, and
returned
440-470).
The PRINT program plots the data
by providing the necessary commands
to the printer. The program uses the
CRT as much as possible; the printer is
used only to plot the charts. The
available choices are printed to the
screen (line 1200). One subroutine ac-
complishes the printing task for all the
charts. At line 200, the user inputs a
number corresponding to his choice,
after which the serial port is activated
(line 1410), the corresponding data file
is opened (line 310), and the chart
heading printed double-size. Line 320
transfers data from the disk and divides
by 100 (line 1350), as mentioned
earlier. At the same time the data is
established in an array (A) and a com-
panion array (B), which has an ascen-
ding number that corresponds to the
order in which the data appears in the
original file.
Since the printer can only advance,
not reverse, you must arrange the data
in descending order, highest to lowest.
A "bubble sort" routine is used for
this. Lines 1370-1400 sort the data in
descending order with the (B) array
number tagging along with its original
data item. More on this later.
Line 1410 is a required printer com-
mand that sets the proper paper ad-
vance. Line 1420 begins the printing of
the 39 data items. Lines 1420-1450 en-
sures that the digits printed at the left
of the chart (the share price) have all
necessary trailing zeros. CHR$[124j is
the vertical line and CHR$(160) is the
small square denoting a point on the
chart. Lines 1450-1470 plot all points
corresponding to a particular price by
preventing a line feed until necessary.
Also, the numbers in the (B) array are
tabs for the print head to place the
point at the proper week when the price
originally occurred.
After all points are printed, the
amount of paper advance is reset to a
new value (line 1480) and the chart is
underlined (line 1490). Some useful
data is then calculated and printed in
lines 1500-1570. Since the Dow Jones
Industrial averages and the Standard
and Poor's 500 stock averages are not
computed in dollars, lines 1490-1520
route program control where desired.
With the exception of certain com-
mands peculiar to OSI machines, the
programs are written in BASIC easily
transportable to other microcomputers.
(Continued on next page)
No. 59- April 1983
MICRO
99
The commands are:
1. DISK!"IO ,03" and DISK!"IO ,02"
to activate and deactivate the serial
port.
2 .DISK OPEN,6,"file" and DISK
CLOSE, 6 to open or close a data file.
3 DISK GET,X and PRINT#6 and IN-
PUT#6 and DISK PUT, which are
used with both sequential and ran-
dom file access to and from the disk.
4 .The screen clear routine.
Most other computer systems support-
ing data files and a serial port have ap-
propriate commands to accomplish
these tasks.
As Browning and Clemmens stress
in their article, the investor should
spend at least an hour or more each
week updating the files and perusing
financial columns in daily newspapers.
Especially critical are times when
exchange signals might be generated.
Using this program does not ensure
success, but it does serve as an
additional tool for making investment
decisions.
You may contact the author at 2130 16th
Street, Greeley, CO 80631.
Listing 1: Mutual Fund Charting
10 REM Pgn called FILCHG to upd
ate Mutual Fund Data Files
2i REM By Ralph Green for OSI
3i REM Translated for Apple ] [
ty Philip Daley
ii FOR I = el TO 9: READ B$(I): NEXT
7£) DIM A(40), 3(40) :DJ = CHRJ (4)
80 HC = i: HOME : VTAB 5: PRINT "
This program enters : " : PRINT
9t PRINT "(A) All 39 new values
L-. a specified" : PRINT "
Mutual Fund data file, or
IM PRINT "(B) Updates with the
newest data" : PRINT " and
discards old items in the file."
110 PRINT "(C) Print out graph o
f data " : PRINT " on sere
en or printer. "
115 "RINT "(D) Exit
120 PRINT : PRINT "Which do you
prefer? "; : GET A$: PRINT A$
: IF A$ = "A" THEN GOSUB 49
0: GOTO 80
123 IF A$ = "B" THEN GOSUB 140:
GOTO 80
125 IF A$ = "C" THEN GOSUB 1000
; GOTO 80
130 HOME : END
140 C$ = "update": GOSUB 150: GOSUB
310: GOSUB 340: GOTO 80
150 HOME : VTAB 5: PRINT "You are
going to "C$" your data file."
170 PRINT : PRINT "Choice for th
e data file is as follows:"
180 PRINT : FOR I = TO 9: PRINT
I"-"B$(I): NEXT
200 PRINT : PRINT "What is your
choice? ";: GET A$:X = VAL
(AS) : IF X = THEN HOME : END
210 N| = B|(X): RETURN
310 PRINT D?"OPEN"N|: HOME : VTAB
5: PRINT "You are to "C|" the"
«OSI REM DISK 0PEN,6,N|: POKE 12076,3:
POKE 12042, 255
311 PRINT N$" file."
320 PRINT D$"READ"N|: FOR I = 1 TO
39: INPUT A(I): NEXT
»OSI REM INPUT#6,A(I)
330 PRINT Dt"CLOSE": RETURN
340 IF X > 6 THEN 390
350 PRINT : PRINT "Do you have d
istribution information? "; :
GET A| : PRINT A|
360 IF AJ = "N" THEN 390
370 INPUT "Distribution ajnount?
";AJ:Z = VAL (AJ) : FORI =
1T0 39:A(I) = A(I) -Z « 100
380 NEXT : GOTO 440
390 PRINT : PRINT "Enter new dat
a item(s), use '/'to end."
400 INPUT "Data ltem= ";Y|: IF Y
$ = "/" THEN GOSUB 440: RETURN
410 Y = VAL (Y$) : IF X > 6 THDI 430
420 Y = 100 » Y
430 FOR I = 1 TO 38:A(I) = A(I +
1) : NEXT :A(39) = Y: GOTO 400
440 HOME : VTAB 5: PRINT "Now sa
vlng data. Please wait for '
DONE' prompt."
450 PRINT D?"OPEN''N|: PRINT D|"W
RITE"N$: FOR I = 1 TO 39: PPJNT
A(I) : NEXT : PRINT D$"CLOSE"
»OSI REM DISKGET,J-1:PRINT#6,A(I):DISKPUT:
NEXT:DISK CLOSE, 6
470 PRINT : PRINT "DONE-Press an
y key to continue.": GET AJ:
PRINT : RETURN
♦OSI REMDISK!"G0 252B"
490 HOME : VTAB 5: PRINT "This s
ection enters all 39 new
500 PRINT "data entries in a spe
oified file
510 CI = "enter": GOSUB 150
690 PRINT : PRINT "Enter data fo
r each of the 39 entries . "
700 PRINT "If you have dlstribut
ions to enter,
710 PRINT "when the 'Value?' pro
mpt appears,
720 PRINT "enter 'D' ."
730 PRINT :K = 0: FORJ = 1T03
9; PRINT J" Value "; : INPUT
Z|: IF Z| = "D" THEN GOSUB
840: GOTO 760
740 A(J) = VAL (Z|) : IF X > 6 THEN
760
750 A(J) = A(J) » 100
760 K = K + 1: NEXT : PRINT : GOSUB
440: RETURN
840 PRINT : INPUT "Distribution
amount? ";Z$:Z = VAL (Z$): FOR
J = ITOK
850 A(J) = A(J) - Z » M: NEXT :
J = J-1:K = K-1: PRINT
860 PRINT "Continue with your en
tries.": PRINT : RETURN
899 DATA EXIT
900 DATA Fidelity Destiny Fund,
Oppenhelner Special Fund.Ane
rlcan Harbor Fund
901 DATA Sigma Investment Share
s , Investment Company of Amer
lea, Income Fund of America
902 DATA Dow Jones Industrial A
verage.NYSE Coumon Stock Ind
ex
903 DATA Standard i Poor's 500
Stock Average
1000 HEM Pgm called PLOTF
1010 HEM Pgm to plot 39 week av
erage of
1015 REM selected mutual funds
1020 HOME : VTAB 5: INPUT "Utes
t date of entries? ";Z|
1030 PRINT : PRINT "Hardcopy? ";
: GET A|: PRINT AS: IF AS =
"Y" THEN PRINT DS"PR*1":HC = 1
«OSI REM DISK! "10 ,03"
1060 PRINT CHRS (27) "A" CHRS (1
33); CHRS (27)"2"
1070 PRINT "The following charts
are plots of selected Mutua
1 Funds
1080 PRINT "and selected Stock M
arket indices for the past 3
9 weeks.
1090 PRINT "All points are corrs
cted for distributions made
by the
1100 PRINT "funds during the 39
weeks . All prices are the Fr
Iday
1105 PRINT "closing price.": PRINT
1110 PRINT "No investment strate
gy is indicated from this da
ta.
1180 PRINT DS"PRlti0" : IF HC = THEN
GET AS : PRINT
»OSI REM DISK! "10 ,02"
1200 CS = "print": GOSUB 150: GOSUB
310
1350 Tl = 0: FOR J = 1 TO 39; IF
X < 7THEN A(J) = A(J) / 100
1360 Tl = Tl + A(J) :B(J) = J: NEXT
:A1 = A(39)
1370 R = 0: FOR J = 2 TO 39: IF A
(J) < = A(J - 1) THEN 1400
1390 R = 1:S = A(J-1):A(J-1) =
A(J):A(J) =S:S = B(J - 1):B
(j-1) =B(J):B(J) =S
1400 NEXT : IF R - 1 THEN 1370
I4l0 IF HC = 1 THEN PRINT DS"PR
*1": PRINT : PRINT : PRINT CHR$
(14);NS: PRINT CHRS (27) "A"
CHRS (129); CHRS (27) "2"
1420 A2 = A(l) :A3 = A(39) : FOR J =
1T0 39:AS = SIRS (A(J);: IF
X > 6 THEN 1450
1430 IF INT (A(J)) = A(J) THEN
AS = AS + ".00": GOTO 450
1440 IF INT (10 » A(J) + .05) /
10 = A(J) THEN AS = AS + "0"
1450 PRINT AS;: POKE 36,8: PRINT
CHRS (124);
1460 POKE36,B(J) +9: PRINT CHRS
(27)">" CHRS (160);
1465 PRINT CHRJ (27)"=";
1470 IF A(J) = A(J + 1) THEN J =
J + 1: GOTO 1460
1480 PRINT : NEXT : PRINT CHRS
(27)"A" CHRS (133); CHRS (27
) "2"
1490 FOR J = 1 TO 39: POKE 36,9 +
J: PRINT "-";: NEXT : PRINT
: IF X = 8 THEN 1510
1500 IF X > 6 THEN 1520
1510 POKE 36,15: PRINT "39 Week
Average = S" INT (100 » (Tl /
39) + .5) / 100: GOTO 1530
1520 POKE 36,15: PRINT "39 Week
Average = " INT (100 » (Tl /
39) + .5) /100
1530 A4 = 100 » (A2 - Al) / A1:A5
= 100 » (A1-A3) /A3
1540 POKE 36,15: PRINT "Percenta
ge change since last high = ";
1550 PRINT INT (100 » a4 + .5) /
100"*"
1560 POKE 36,15: PRINT "Percenta
ge change since last low = ";
1565 PRINT INT (100 » A5 + .5) /
100"
1570 POKE 36,15: PRINT "Most rec
ent entry is "ZS: PRINT DS"P
R#0"
1580 PRINT : PRINT "To continue,
press any key.": GET AS: PRINT
: RETURN
mKRO
100
MICRO
No. 59 -April 1983
EVERYONE NEEDS A . . .
JELECTRONICS; INC.
COPYRIGHT .£' 1981 PATENTS PENDING
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Circle No. 67
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$12500
t1«M»
LETTERMASK: A Check
Protecting Algorithm
by Barton M. Bauers, Jr.
In the August 1980 issue of MICRO
(27:65), I discussed the tendency of
binary computers to introduce small
rounding errors when adding decimal
numbers, and proposed a solution that
programmers could implement to pre-
vent these errors. In summary, decimal
numbers between and 1 cannot be
represented exactly in binary mathe-
matics, due to the limitation of preci-
sion (the number of places to the right
of the decimal point] available to most
computers. The solution involved stor-
ing all numbers within the program as
integer numbers, and 'masking' them
on output so they resumed their
decimal form when printed. The func-
tion that converted the decimal values
to integer for internal storage was:
DEF FN VL(X) = INT(P< -I- .0001) * 100)
where X was any real number with two
decimal places, and VL(X) was its in-
teger equivalent for internal purposes.
The intent of the article was to
preclude this rounding error in han-
dling money calculations, and I in-
cluded an example of utilizing the sub-
routine MASK to create check-protec-
tion with leading and trailing asterisks
(•), as you see so often in computer-
generated checks.
Subsequent programming require-
ments have led me to write a different
kind of mask algorithm for check pro-
tection — one that spells out the
amount when printed, much as you do
when you write checks manually. This
method is excellent for protecting
checks from alteration because the
spelled-out values are of varying
lengths and are much more difficult to
fraudulently change. I consider the
word method of check protection pre-
ferable to the simple number mask and
have created the subroutine 'LETTER-
MASK' for this purpose. Although
In addition to number masking,
this routine creates cliecl(s witli
tlie amounts speiled out, for
additional security.
LETTERI\MASK
requires:
BASIC
most computer-generated checks con-
tinue to use some version of the
number-maskiag system (my own still
do, in addition to the word masking), I
hope the simplicity of the LETTER-
MASK subroutine will prompt pro-
grammers to add this extra protection
to check-printing routines.
Almost all numbers can be
represented with two sets of words.
These are the words 'one, two, three,
..., eight, nine' and the words 'ten,
twenty, thirty, ..., eighty, ninety.' I say
almost all, because there are the
numbers from 11 to 19, which, imfor-
tunately, require a separate set of
words. This oddity creates some minor
programming complications, but it
does not make the problem unsolvable.
For purposes of clarity, I refer to the
first list (the words one through nine)
as Word List A, the second list (the
words ten through ninety] as Word List
B, and the 'teens' list (11 through 19) as
Word List C. In the program, these lists
are referred to separately.
Subroutine LEITERMASK properly
encodes any value from $.00 to
$9,999.99, and returns a word string for
that amount. The upper limit is ar-
bitrary and could be changed without
too much difficulty. Values below
$1.00, and the cents portion of any
value, are returned as numbers. In addi-
tion, the routine replaces the standard
ASCII with the letter O to make the
printout of the cents more readable. I
recommend that in all check-writing
programs, O's be replaced with O's to
spare the bank and the recipient of the
check having to decipher the value and,
perhaps, from making an error. Many
people confuse the number with the
number 8 if they are not familiar with
the ASCn convention.
The format for the output of the
subroutine is:
• ** [ONE.. NINE THOUSAND] [ONE..
NINE HUNDRED] [ONE.. NINETY
NINE] DOLLARS AND [00.. 99]
CENTS***
The input to the subroutine is the
variable AMT, which is created in your
main program with the value you wish
to have printed out as a lettermask.
This value must be an integei number
— no decimal places are to be shown.
The subroutine will return with your
masked number as variable T$.
Subroutine LETTERMASK works
quite simply. First it determines how
many digits are in the integer number
AMT that you present to the sub-
routine. Based on that value, one of six
branches is taken (lines 20000 through
20040). The program then 'cascades'
down from the most significant digit
toward the cents part of the value, until
the entire number has been converted.
Note that REM statements have been
used to separate the thousands, hun-
dreds, tens, ones, and teens conversion
routines. Using the thousands section
(lines 20100 to 20130) as an example,
follow the steps the program takes.
The computer evaluates the Ath
element of the variable AMT (in this
case A = 1, so it looks at the first, or
leftmost, digit) . The variable K is set to
this value and a branch to line 20700 is
taken to get the proper word list from
Word List A. The string variable T$,
previously loaded with "»»»", is now
(Continued on page 104)
102
MICRO
No, 59 -April 1983
KONGO
KONG
•.An of.- ■
I >1DVENTURE
THE KEY
IS
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»"9»" u to town to
wain tne J-" ^ateHO'*" .
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lengthened with the proper word and
the word "THOUSAND".
Hundreds and tens are created
similarly, except if the tens digit hap-
pens to be a '1'. This means that the
value for the tens and ones digits
together could be any number from 10
to 19 and, unless the value of the ones
digit were 0, the word "TEN" is not
appropriate and the 'teens' list is
required. A branch is therefore taken
to line 20450 to determine whether or
not a special word from Word List C
is needed.
In the cents section, lines 20500 to
20610, the two rightmost digits are
scanned to find any ASCII O's so they
can be converted to the letter O for
clarity on printout. Note that at line
20520, if the number of cents is less
than 10, then the leading zero is re-
quired and the letter is put into
variable QQ$. At lines 20540 to 20580,
the cents digits are scanned and then
added to QQ$. Line 20600 covers the
Circle No. 54
-1J34
LETTERMASK
iS REM »»»»»»«»»»»»««»»»»»»»««»»
Zel REM*
381 HEM » LETTERMASK
40 REM » BARTON M. BAUERS JR.
50 REM*
6^ REM *************************
761 REM*
80 REM * RESERVED VARIABLES
90 REM *
iM REM * REAL
no REM * A, AMT, K, J
120 REM*
130 REM * STRING
140 REM * AMTJ, KJ, Ql, QQ?, T|
150 REM*
160 REM ************************
170 REM*
180 REM * READ IN VALUE
19«l REM*
2041 REM ************************
500 HOME
510 INPUT "ENTER NUMBER ";AMT
520 GOSUB 20000
530 PRINT T$
540 GOTO 5lO
20000 A = 0:K -
200li AMTI = STRJ (AMT)
20020 J = LEN (A«T$)
20030 T? = "***"
20040 ON J GOTO 20500,20500,2040
0,20300,20200,20100
20050 PRINT "NUMBER TOO LARGE " :
TJ = "»**VOID***" : RETURN
20095 REM **********************
20096 REM*
20097 REM * THOUSANDS
20098 REM *
20099 REM **********************
20100 A = A + 1
Zilli K = VAL ( MIDI (AMT|,A,1))
20120 GOSUB 20700
20130 T| = T$ + KJ + " THOUSAND"
20195 REM **********************
20196 HEM*
20197 REM » HUNDREDS
20198 REM *
20199 REM **********************
20200 A = A + 1
202li K = VAL ( MIDI (AMT|,A,1))
20220 GOSUB 20700
20230 IF Kl - "" THEN 20300
20240 T| = T| + K» + " HUNDRED"
MICRO
No. 59- AprH 1983
instance when an amount being con-
verted has cents only and no dollars.
Finally, at line 20610, the entire string
T$ is completed with the addition of
the proper cents mask.
To try subroutine LETTERMASK,
type in the following lines of code after
saving LETTERMASK to disk. (These
lines are not part of the actual
subroutine, so they should not be saved
to disk.)
500 HOME
510 INPUT "ENTER NUMBER" ; AMT
520 GOSUB 20000
530 PRINT T$
540 GOTO 510
Type "RUN" and enter some numbers.
The computer will print out a properly
masked value that provides more safety
than the numeric masks commonly
used. Remember, all numbers read in
must be integers.
When you print T$ on a check, you
have to be careful to either omit any
other information from that print line,
because of the varying length of T$, or
you have to set up a method of spacing
to allow for the unknown length. One
method of doing the latter, if your
checks will not permit the balance of
the line to be blank, is to use the
following convention:
XXX PRINT T$; SPC(yy - LEN{T$) );
[Balance of line]
XXX refers to your line number, and yy
to the distance from the leftmost char-
acter of T$ to the leftmost character of
the next item you wish to print on the
same line. By my calculations
LETTERMASK 's longest word string is
71 characters.
A final note: Other than checking
for a number that exceeds six digits,
LETTERMASK does no error checking.
You may contact the author at 30 Hillock
Drive, Wallingford, CT 06492.
LETTERMASK (continued)
26)295 REM «««««««»»«»»«»»»««»»»«
28(296 KEM *
2fe97 REM « TENS
20298 REM «
20299 REM *#***#****#***#******#
2i3iii A = A + 1
2813181 K = VAL ( MIDI (AMT$,A,1))
203281 GOSUB 281900
20330 IF K = 1 THEN GOTO 2Mi
20340 T$ = T$ + K$
20395 REM **********************
20396 REM *
20397 REM * ONES
20398 REM *
20399 REM **********************
20400 A = A + 1
20410 IF K = 1 THEN 20450
20420 K = VAL ( MIDI (AMT$,A,l))
20430 GOSUB 20700
20440 GOTO 20480
20445 REM »»»**»***»*******»***»
20446 REM *
20447 REM * TEENS
20448 REM »
20449 REM **********************
20450 K = VAL ( MID$ (AMT$,A,1))
20460 IF K = THEN 20480
20470 GOSUB 21100
20480 T$ = T$ + K$ + " DOLLARS AND "
20495 REM **********************
20496 REM *
20497 REM * CENTS
20498 REM *
20499 REM **********************
20500 K = VAL ( RIGHT? (AMT$,2))
20510 QQ$ = ""
20520 IF K < 10 THEN QQ$ = "0"
20530 K$ = STR$ (K)
20540 FOR A = 1 TO 2
20550 Q$ = MID? (K$,A,1)
20560 IF Q$ = "0" THEN Q$ = "0"
20570 QQ$ = Q(J$ + Q$
20580 NEXT
20590 K$ = ""
20600 IF J < 3 THEN K$ = " ZERO
DOLLARS AND "
20610 T$ = T$ + K$ + QQ$ + " CENT
S***"
20620 RETURN
20621 REM **********************
281622 REM » END
LETTERMASK (continued
20695 REM ***»**»*»********»*»**
20696 REM *
20697 REM* WORD LIST A
20698 REM *
20699 REM **********************
207M ON K GOTO 20720,20730,2074
0,20750,20760,20770,20780,20
790,20800
20710 K? = "": RETURN
20720 K? = " ONE": RETURN
20730 K? = " TWO" : RETURN
20740 K? = " THREE" : RETURN
20750 K$ = " FOUR" : RETURN
20760 K^ = " FIVE": RETURN
20770 K% = " SIX" : RETURN
20780 K$ = " SEVEN" : RETURN
20790 K% = " EIGHT" : RETURN
20800 K^ = " NINE" : RETURN
20895 REM **********************
20896 REM *
20897 REM * WORD LIST B
20898 REM *
20899 REM **********************
20900 ON K GOTO 20920, 20930, 20'34
, 20950 , 20960 , 20970 , 20980 , 20
990,21000
20913 K? = "": RETURN
20920 K$ = " TEN" : RETURN
20930 .K$ = " TWENTY" : RETURN
20940 K$ = " THIRTY" : RETURN
20950 K$ = " FORTY" : RETURN
20960 K? = " FIFTY" : RETURN
20970 Ki = " SIXTY" : RETURN
20980 K? = " SEVENTY" : RETURN
20990 K$ = " EIGHTY" : RETURN
21000 KJ = " NINETY" : RETURN
21095 REM **********************
21096 REM*
21097 REM » WORD LIST C
21098 REM »
21099 REM **********************
21100 ON K GOTO 21110,21120,2113
0,21140,21150,21160,21170,21
180,21190
21110 K$ = " ELEVEN" : RETURN
21120 K$ = " TWELVE" : RETURN
21130 K$ = " THIRTEEN" : RETURN
21140 K$ = " FOURTEEN" : RETURN
21150 K? = " FIFTEEN": RETURN
21160 K$ = " SIXTEEN" : RETURN
21170 K$ = " SEVENTEEN" : RETURN
21180 K$ = " EIGHTEEN": RETURN _ ^___,.
21190 K$ = " NINETEEN" : RETURN iyCRO"
sssssssssss^ssssssessssssss
ii'i<Qj]PU SENSE! :.'•
CARDBOARD 3
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Circle No. 11
No. 59 -April 1983
MICRO
105
/MCftO
Interface Clinic
by Ralph Tenny
In my first article (MICRO 58:108) I
presented various hardware and inter-
facing terms, one of which was
"decoder." Functionally, a decoder can
be made with a variety of techniques,
but the usual approach is to use one or
more ICs. The purpose of a decoder is
to produce a unique signal that relates
to (usually) a memory address appear-
ing on the bus of a microcomputer.
Figure 1 shows a graphic representa-
tion of several 16-bit binary addresses
like those produced by every instruc-
tion cycle of the typical 8-bit micro-
computer (such as the 6502 or 6809).
blocks of 4096 addresses as you have
EPROMs. If you do not divide the
memory this way, more than one
EPROM will "anwer" each time you
try to read memory. Of course, if each
EPROM has exactly the same contents,
each one will return the same data and
there is no problem. Since that is
unlikely, you might find that one
EPROM is trying to output 10011100
and another 00011111. The output cir-
cuit in each EPROM is fighting with
the others, and the processor is trying
to read digital trash! This situation is
known as bus contention, and you can
have contention at different times dur-
ing the microprocessor operating
cycles. A requisite of computer inter-
facing is to eliminate any possibility of
fll5
fll4
A13
A12
All
fllO
A9
AS
A7
A6
AS
A4
A3
A2
Al
AO
OFFF
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1000
1
O
o
o
o
o
IFFF
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2000
1
3FFF
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4000
1
AOOO
1
1
Figure 1. A bit map of memory address lines showing which bits are on (logic one) when the
microprocessor is running. Note that when an address field fills up (for example, address $FFF), a
higher-order address bit must be available to designate a larger address. In this case, the next
address after $FFF is $1000, which turns on address line A12 for the first time.
bus contention so you can predict what
will happen at any time during com-
puter operation.
To eliminate bus contention you
need to enable only one block of
memory at a time, and a decoder is
designed to do just that. Figure 2 shows
the pinout for one popular decoder —
the 74LS138. For those of you un-
familiar with part numbers, the series
of IC part numbers begiiming with 74 is
a logic family called TTL (Transistor-
Transistor Logic). This logic is about
ten times faster than most micro-
processors. TTL parts with LS in the
number are lower power parts and are
typically used as support devices for
microprocessor systems.
The 74LS138 is a moderately com-
plex IC and its operation is defined by
the truth table shown in figure 3. A
truth table defines what outputs result
from certain input conditions, and this
information allows logic designers to
The 16 address lines are arranged along
the top in descending order of mathe-
matical significance. That is, A15
represents 2**15, A14 represents
2**14, etc. Beneath these address lines
are the binary representations of each
of six hexadecimal addresses. That is, if
the processor is pointing to address
$0FFF, the various address lines are at a
logic 1 or logic level, as shown in the
figure. Similarly, the binary representa-
tions of the other addresses are shown.
Note that if All were the highest-order
address line available, the processr
could reach only from $000 to $FFF, or
a total of $1000 (4096 decimal) unique
locations. To completely address
4K-byte memory devices, such as 2732
or 2532 EPROMs, those memory
devices must have 12 address lines.
If you want to read data from more
than one 4K-byte EPROM, you must
have additional address lines to divide
the memory area into as many different
understand how to use the device. Re-
fer back to figure 2, noting certain in-
put and output pin signatures (names),
which also appear in the chart of figure
3. Gl, G2, A, B, and C are all inputs,
and all "Y"-named lines are outputs.
Note also that the IC has two inputs
prefixed with G2 — G2A and G2B.
Both these lines are active low (denoted
by the circle at the input in figure 2),
which means that the lines have to be
low for the device to operate. So, in
figure 3, if either G2A or G2B are high
(logic one), the input is disabled. Input
Gl is active high (no circle), and so the
decoder is disabled when Gl is low.
One other common convention is used
in figure 3 : an " x" means ' ' don' t care . ' '
Now examine figure 3 and interpret
how a 74LS138 decoder works. In the
first line G2 is shown high (that means
either G2 line), then the device is
disabled, and so all four other inputs
are "don't care" since they cannot af-
fect a disabled device. When the de-
coder is disabled, all outputs are high,
or inactive. Similarly, in line 2 Gl is
shown low, and so all other inputs are
don't care and all outputs are high. In
the remaining lines, Gl is high and
both G2 lines are low, and so the
decoder is enabled. In the enabled state,
each of eight possible combinations of
high and low on inputs A, B, and C
results in a different single output line
being low. In other words, changing in-
put levels on inputs A, B, and C create
eight unique signals that can be used to
select different memory blocks and pre-
vent memory bus contention. You
might note one other item with regard
to decoders: almost universally,
memory devices are selected with ac-
Flgure 2. The pin-out for one popular decoder,
the 74LS138. See text for explanation of how the
decoder operates.
106
MICRO
A13 1
1
A
16
-+5 volts
A14'
2
B
YO
15
-0000- IFFF
A15
3
C
Yl
14
-2000-3FFF
4
e2A
Y2
13
-4000-5FFF
e
5
e2B
Y3
12
-6000-7FFF
6
SI
Y4
11
-8000-9FFF
EOOO-FFFF
7
Y7
Y5
10
-AOOO-BFFF
^
8
Snd.
Y6
9
-COOO-DFFF
No.
59
-April 1983
tive low signals, and so almost all CS2, and R/W*. The RESET* line in-
decoders have active low outputs.
Since a decoder responds to
memory bus signals and then controls
access to memory devices, such opera-
tion can be referred to as being
Figure 3. A truth table
explains how a complex
logic IC works; this truth
table is for the 74LS138
decoder.
"memory mapped;" i.e., part of the
memory space. In my first article I
referred to a class of I/O (input/output)
devices known as a PIA (Programmable
Interface Adapter). PIAs reside directly
on the processor bus and are selected
and controlled by memory bus signals:
they are called "memory mapped I/O"
devices. A typical PIA is the MC6821
by Motorola. The Color Computer has
two PIAs; one reads the keyboard, and
one handles all other CoCo hardware —
joysticks, cassette recorder interface,
serial port, and the D/A (digital/
analog] converter that synthesizes the
sound tones. Since some of the inter-
facing experiments will be driven by
these PIAs, you should examine the
PIA and learn how to program it.
Figure 4 shows the pinout of the
6821 PIA. Note that there are 16 port
lines (PA0-PA7; PB0-PB7), 8 data lines
(D0-D7), plus RSO, RSI, CSO, CSl,
itializes the PIA during system startup
(other lines will be discussed later).
Each of the 16 port lines can be set up
under program control as either input
or output lines by setting a bit in a
Gl
G2
C
6
A
YO
Yl
Y2
Y3
Y4
Y5
Y6
Y7
X
H
X
X
X
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
L
>.'
:<
X
X
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
L
L
L
L
L
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
L
L
L
H
H
L
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
L
L
H
L
H
H
L
H
H
H
H
H
H
L
L
H
H
H
H
H
L
H
H
H
H
H
L
H
L
L
H
H
H
H
L
H
H
H
H
L
H
L
H
H
H
H
H
H
L
H
H
H
L
H
H
L
H
H
H
H
H
H
L
H
H
L
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
L
special register on the PIA. The three
CS lines are chip select controls, which
are usually driven by address decoders.
The two RS (register select) lines are
almost always driven by processor ad-
dress lines, usually AO and Al.
A 6821 PIA has six registers to con-
trol the entire operation of the device.
Normally six registers would require
three address lines so that each register
could have a unique memory address.
However, a simple trick allows six
registers to be addressed with only two
address lines (RSO and RSI). The inter-
nal registers are allocated this way:
each of the two 8-bit ports has three
registers to control it. The Peripheral
Register stores output data that drive
the eight package pins associated with
the port when the port is acting as an
output port; or, if the port is an input
port, the Peripheral Register stores in-
fContJnued on next page)
V5S
1
PAO
2
PAl
3
PA2
4
PA-3
5
PA4
6
PAS
7
PA6
B
PA7
9
PBO
10
PBl
1 1
PB2
12
PB3
13
PB4
14
PBS
15
PB6
16
PB7
17
CBl
18
CB2
19
Vcc
20
40
39
38
37
36
Owj
34
3 J
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
CAl
CA2
IRQA«
IRQB*
RSO
RSI
RESET*
DO
Dl
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
E
CSl
CS2*
CSO
R/W«
Figure 4. Pinout and register addressing scheme for
the IMotorola IMC6821 Programmable Interface
Adapter. Note that each output port shares an
address with Its Data Direction Register, and that
Control Register Bit 2 controls which register is
addressed. See text for further explanation.
RSI RSO
CRA2
Location Selected
1
1
X
Output Port A
Data Direction Register A
Control Register A
RSI RSO
CRB2
Location Selected
1
1
1 1
1
X
Output Port B
Data Direction Register B
Control Register B
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(CARD/PRINT)
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No. 59 -April 1983
MICRO
107
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MICRO
Interface Clinic (continued)
put data to be read back into the pro-
cessor. The Data Direction Register has
one bit for each port bit. If any DDR bit
contains a logic one, the corresponding
port pin will be an output. Otherwise,
with a logic zero in the DDR, the cor-
responding pin will be an input.
The addressing scheme that selects
six registers with only two address bits
works this way: the Control Register
sets aside bit CR2 (corresponding to the
processor D2 bit) as a flag. Under nor-
mal operation this flag is set to logic
one, and reading or writing the other
memory address transfers data to and
from the I/O port. If the flag bit is a
logic zero, then the other address
reaches the Data Direction Register.
Under normal system startup, the
RESET* line is connected to the com-
puter's master reset line, and a reset
enters a logic zero into each of the six
PIA registers. Since the DDR has all
zeros, all 16 port lines automatically
are set up as inputs. The eight PA lines
have internal pull-up resistors, and so
these lines go to a logic one. The eight
PB port lines switch to a high im-
pedance state; they can drift to any
level unless they have an external pull-
up or pull-down resistor on them. If no
external signal is pulling on the Port A
lines, a READ of Port A gives $FF.
Without external resistors, a READ of
the B Port is indeterminate. If the DDR
is written with all ones ($FF], all the
port lines immediately pull to logic
zero, since the RESET left all zeros in
the Peripheral Registers.
To make a controlled startup on the
ports of a PIA, the following procedure
should be followed to avoid surprises.
First, $04 [set bit 2 high) should be
written to the Control Register to ad-
dress the Peripheral Register, then the
required initial output data should be
written to the Peripheral Registers.
Since the RESET left these lines set to
input, nothing happens outside the
device. Next, write $00 to the Control
Register to address the DDR and set
logic one for each output pin required.
Immediately, the output pins go to the
initial values. Finally, write $04 to the
Control Register to restore normal con-
figuration. I will deal with PIA pro-
gramming in more detail later.
JMCftO
No. 59 -April 1983
l/UeV^ BEEAI RUSfl
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No. 59- April 1983
MICRO
109
Reviews in Brief
Product Name: C64-Link
Equip, req'd: Commodore 64
Price: $185 (Canadian)
Manufacturer: Richvale Telecommunications
10610 Bayview Avenue #18
Richmond Hill, Ontario L4C 3N8
Canada
Description: C64-Link is a module containing circuitry
that provides the C64 with IEEE-488 bus compatibility,
BASIC 4 commands, a machine-language monitor, and
communications routines. It plugs into the 64 's cartridge
connector, and includes an edge-card connection (like the
PET) for a PET-to-IEEE cable. Two programs are included
on cassette. One moves the addresss of C64-Liiik' s ROM
from $9000-$9FFF to $COOO-$CFFF, freeing more RAM for
BASIC. The other copies the C64's BASIC ROMs into
RAM and replaces the standard serial I/O routines with
IEEE ones. No extra RAM is used, but BASIC 4 and the
monitor are not available in this configuration.
Pluses: One package adds several desired C64 enhance-
ments. Unit design is sturdy and clean. Software allows
great flexibility.
Minuses: Module hangs out from back of C64 without any
support. An accident may result in damage to the C64 or
C64-Link. A new design will include supporting rubber
feet.
Documentation: Manual includes summary of
capabilities, description of provided software, detailed
hook-up instructions for different equipment combina-
tions, and documentation of BASIC 4 and monitor com-
mands.
Skill level required: Beginner
Reviewer: Loren Wright
Product Name: Star-DOS
Equip, req'd: TRS-80C Color Computer with disk
and 16K memory
Price: $49.90
Manufacturer: Star-Kits
P.O. Box 209
Mt. Kisco, NY 10549
Description: Stai-DOS is a high-quality disk operating
system for the Color Computer that is compatible with
Radio Shack Disk BASIC. It features six memory- resident
commands and three disk-resident commands. While this
is a relatively slim menu, the most commonly needed
commands are available. Also, the structure of Stai-DOS is
such that special commands can be added easily by the ex-
perienced programmer. Unlike the Radio Shack DOS, Stai-
DOS has 18 user-accessible functions that do most of the
I/O needed to support assembly-language programs. For
example, the programmer has available routines to read
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• Easily installed in later model KIMs
Perry Peripherals is an authorized HDE factory service center.
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including RAM boards, Disk Systems, and Software like HDE Disk BASIC V1.1. Yes, we also have diskettes. For
more information write to: P.O Box 924, Miller Place, NY 11764, or Phone (516) 744-6462. circle no. 22
110
MICRO
No. 59 - April 1983
Reviews in Brief (continued)
the keyboard, send characters to the screen, print strings
to the screen, etc. The programmer need only develop the
central cote of his program, with a probable time saving of
50% or more. Also, several routines support disk opera-
tions, making it easy to build a custom system that does
exactly what the owner requires.
Pluses: Star-DOS is inexpensive for a disk program, and is
comfortable to use. It is also the only DOS that will run on
either the I6K or 32K Color Computer. R/S BASIC com-
patibility means that a user need not buy a BASIC to have
a higher-level language available, and he need not give up
the refinements of R/S BASIC that support the special
Color Computer hardware and its graphics.
Minuses: Stai-DOS is new enough that it does not have a
large stable of software that will run with it, but this is be-
ing remedied. The chief lack is an assembler. An
editor/text processor/mailing list/mailing label package
is available now.
Skill level required: This product is ideal for the serious
disk user who works mainly in assembly language (users
who work only with BASIC have no need for any DOS). At
the same time the diligent computer user will be able to
learn disk system principles and techniques easily.
Documentation: An extremely well-written 55-page
manual is furnished. The instructions are thorough and
understandable, and a liberal use of examples enhances the
learning process. Instructions are included for modifying
FLEX-based programs to run under Star-DOS when those
programs can be made compatible with the stock Color
Computer architecture.
Reviewer: Ralph Tenny
Product Name: VICMODEM - Model 1600
Equip, req'd: VIC-20 (5K or more)
Price: $109.95
Manufacturer: Commodore Business Machines, Inc.
487 Devon Park Drive
Wayne, PA 19087
Description: The VICMODEM package lets the VIC owner
join the telecommunications world. A small cartridge-like
unit plugs into the VIC-20's user port and enables the VIC
to communicate with other computers over telephone
lines. The VICMODEM connects directly to the telephone
via the plug that attaches to the handset; no accoustic
coupler is required. There is a carrier detect light. The
modem has both answer and originate modes to com-
municate with another VIC or to a time-sharing service
like The Source or CompuServe. The package includes a
tape with VICTERM, a comprehensive machine-language
communications program. Using the menu-driven options
(Continued on next page)
EVER WONDER HOW YOUR APPLE II WORKS?
QUICKTRACE will show you! And it can show you WHY when it doesn't!
This relocatable program traces and displays the actual machine operations, while it is running and
without Interlerlng with those operations. Look at these FEATURES:
Single-Step mode displays the last instruction-,
next instruction, registers, flags, stack contents,
and six user-definable memory focations.
Trace mode gives a running display of the Single-
Step information and can be made to stop upon
encountering any of nine user-definable
conditions.
Bmckgraund mode permits tracing with no display
until it is desired. Debugged routines run at near
normaf speed until one of the stopping cond-
itions is met, which causes the program to return
to Single-Step.
QUlCKTBACe affows changes to the stack,
registers, stopping conditions, addresses to be
displayed, and output destinations for all this
information. All this can be done in Single-Step
mode while running.
Two aptlonml d/«p/«jr formmtm can show a sequence
of operations at once. Usually, the information
is given in four (fnes at the bottom of the screen.
QUiCKTtUkCC is completely transparent to the
program tjeing traced. It will not interfere with
the stacl(, program, or I/O,
QUICKTflACE is relocatable to any free part of
memory. Its output can be sent to any slot or to
the screen.
QUICKTflACE is completely compatible with
programs using Applesoft and integer BASICs,
graphics, and DOS. (Time dependent DOS
operations can be bypassed.} It will display the
graphics on the screen while QUICKTRACE is
alive.
QUICKTflACE is a beautiful way to show the
incredibly complex sequence of operations that
a computer goes through in executing a program
Price: $50
QUiCKTftACE was written by John Rogers.
QUICKTRA C£ is a trademark ofAnthro-Digital, Inc.
QUICKTRACE requires 3548 (SEOO) bytes (14 pages) of memory and some knowledge of machine language programming.
It will run on any Apple II or Apple II Plus computer and can be loaded from disk or tape. It is supplied on disk with DOS 3.3.
QUICKTRACE DEBUGGER
L8at InMtructlon
Slack
Last addresa
F"F69- A
ST=7C A
A A
DIamaaembly
LDA #*AA
Top leven bytea of ttacfc
Proce»$or codea Uaer defined location A Conienta
43 D4 CI NV-BDIZC 0000^
Accumulator X reg.
A=.:AA X==9S
y rag. Stack polntae
Procauor tiatut Content ot referenced addreat
= 25 SP-F2 f-'S==a011000i
[I
)D
Next Intlwcllon }- }■' t; B -
Circle No. 20
Dtaaaaembty
BTA $.-
Refenenc0 addnaa
1*0033]
Anthro-Dlgital, Inc.
P.O. Box 1385
Pittsfield, MA 01202
413^48-8278
No. 59 -April 1983
MICRO
111
Circle No. 76
iriBg^©^
Quit Playing Games . . .
Disk Based Software to Make Your
Computer Get Down to Business
Disk Data Manager— Create and manage your own data
base. Allows you to create, add, change, delete, search,
sort, print, etc. Up to 1200 records on a single disk.
VIC 20. . . 59.95 CBM 64 . . . 89.95
Payroll System— Full featured, complete payroll sys-
tem. Even prints checks.
VIC 20. . . 89.95 CBM 64 . . . 99.95
Mailing List— Up to 1200 records on a single disk.
Presorts by Zip Code. Prints on stock up to four
labels wide.
VIC 20 . . . 44.95 CBM 64 . . . 54.95
Inventory Package— IVIaintains quantity on hand, cost,
sales price, reorder point, etc. Generates suggested
reorder, sales report, and sales analysis.
VIC 20. . . 89.95 CBM 64 . . .99.95
General Ledger— Up to 75 accounts! Generates Balance
Sheet, Income Statement, Update Report, etc.
VIC 20. . . 89.95 CBM 64 . . . 99.95
Checkbook Manager— Up to 2 5 expense categories.
Tracks all outstanding checks until they are paid.
VIC 20. . . 49.95 CBM 64 . . .49.95
CONTACT us FOR ALL YOUR
DISK BASED SOFTWARE NEEDS
Call for specifics on Hardware Configurations.
Send Self-Addressed Stamped Envelope for
Catalogue of Games and other Applications
DEALER INQUIRIES WELCOME
P.O. Box 863085
Piano, Texas 75086
(214) 867-1333
VISA and MASTERCARD Accepted
MostwrCwd)
Reviews in Brief
(continued)
in VICTERM, it is easy to set baud rate (up to 300 baud),
duplex, word length (seven or eight bits), stop bits, parity,
line feed "signals", CBM "half" ASCII or true ASCII, and
screen color combinations. VICTERM can avoid having
words split from one line to the next. VICTERM also
redefines the VIC's function keys to the most frequently
used communications codes; e.g., Fl is Control-C, etc. A
free subscription to CompuServe is included, with the first
hour paid by Commodore.
Pluses: The modem and the software are easy to use and
reliable. An outstanding value.
Minuses: The current VICTERM software will not support
a disk or a printer, nor is there any way to use the package
to transmit or receive a program. The manual refers to a
new terminal software package called VICTERM-40 that is
being developed and should solve these shortcomings as
well as provide an optional 40-character terminal display
line.
Documentation: The 20-page booklet is well written and
comprehensive.
Skill level lequiied: No special skills.
Reviewer: David Malmberg
iMCftO
DISCOUNT COMPUTER
APPLE
f|cippkz'
Eliminator
War
Adventureland
Pirates Adventure
Golden Voyage
Magic Window
Temple of Apshai
Upper Reaches of Apshai
Curse of Ra
Midway Campaign
Hi-Res Computer Golf
DOS Boss
The Arcade Machine
Star Blazer
Chopflfter
Serpentine
Deadly Secrets
Raster Blaster
Bug Attack
The Home Accountant
Snack Attack
Pig Pen
Wordrace
Rendevous
Russki Duck
Horizon V
Sargon II
Rgtail DiscounI
$29.95
21.00
24.95
18.00
29.95
21.00
29.95
21.00
29.95
21.00
99.95
72.00
39.95
29.00
19.95
15.00
19.95
15.00
16.00
12.00
29.95
21.00
24.00
18.00
44.95
33.00
31.95
23.00
34.95
25.00
34.95
25.00
34.95
25.00
29.95
21.00
29.95
21.00
74.95
54.00
29.95
21.00
29.95
21.00
24.95
18.00
39.95
29.00
34.95
25.00
34.95
25.00
34.95
25.00
flelail Discount
Zork I 39.95 29.00
Zork II 39.95 29.00
Deadline 49.95 36.00
Mastertype 39.95 29.00
Castle Wollenstein 29.95 21.00
Supertext II 150.00 108.00
Softcard Premium System 775.00 600.00
Wizard and the Princess 32.95 24.00
Time Zone
Cranston Manor
Threshold
Softporn Adventure
Crossfire
Frogger
Laff Pak
Ultima 11
Screenwriter il
Graphics Magician
Pie Man
Fastgammon
Congo
GoMrush
Gorgon
Beer Run
Snake Byte
99.95 72.00
34.95 25.00
39.95 29.00
29.95 21.00
29.95 21.00
34.95 25.00
34.95 25.00
59.95 44.00
129.95 94.00
59.95 44.00
29.95 21.00
24.95 18.00
34.95 25.00
34,95 25.00
39.95 29.00
29.95 21.00
29.95 21.00
Intec 32K Board $75.00
APPLE Compatible Disk Drive $265,oo
VERBATIM/DATALIFE Disks $26.00
ATARI
Threshold (d)
Snake Byte (d)
Space Eggs (d)
Bandits (d)
Color Print (d)
Canyon Climber (d)
Shooting Arcade (d) (t)
Pacific Coast Highway (d) (t)
Clowns And Balloons (d) (t)
Wordrace (d)
Andromeda (d)
Deadline (d)
Zork!(d)
Zork II (d)
Alien Swarm (d)
Action Quest (d^ (t)
Ghost Encounters (d) (t)
K-Razy Shootout (c)
K-Razy Kritters (c)
Ultima I (d)
All Baba and Forty Thieves (d)
Deluxe Invaders (c)
Gorf (c)
Wizard of Wor (c)
Prepple (d) (t)
Tigers in The Snow (d) (t)
Ghostly Manor (d)
Raster Blaster (d)
nslail DiscounI
SPECIAL OFFERS
S39.95
29.95
29.95
34.95
39.95
29.95
29.95
29.95
29.95
24.95
34.95
49.95
39.95
39.95
34.95
29.95
29.95
49.95
49.95
39.95
32.95
39.95
49.95
49.95
29.95
39.95
24.95
29.95
29.00
21.00
21.00
29.00
29.00
21.00
21.00
21.00
21.00
18.00
25.00
36.00
29.00
29.00
25.00
21.00
21.00
36.00
36.00
29.00
24.00
29.00
36.00
36.00
21.00
29.00
18.00
21.00
T=Cassene
D-Disk
C=Car1ridge
ATARr
Rear Guard |d)
24.95
18.00
Rear Guard (t)
19.95
15,00
Caverns of Mars (d)
39.95
29.00
Atari Basic (c)
59.95
45,00
Star Raiders (c)
44.95
33,00
Centipede (c)
44.95
33,00
Pac Man (c)
44.95
33,00
Pilot (c)
79.95
60,00
Temple of Apshai (d) (t)
39.95
29,00
Upper Reaches of Apshai (t)
19.95
15,00
Curse of Ra (d)
19.95
15,00
Midway Campaign (t)
16.00
12,00
Apple Panic (d)
29.95
21,00
Track Attack (d)
2995
21,00
Chopilfter (d)
3495
25,00
Star Blazer (d)
31.95
24,00
Wizard and the Princess (d)
32.95
24,00
Jawbreaker (d) (t)
29.95
21,00
Crossfire (d) (t)
29.95
21,00
Frogger (d) (t)
34 95
25,00
The Shattered Alliance (d)
39.95
29,00
Battle of Shiloh (d)
3995
29 00
Submarine Commander (c)
4995
39.00
MANY MORE PROGRAMS AVAILABLE
TERMS: Send check or money order
for total purchase price, plus $2.00
for shipping. Ml residents add 4%
tax. C.O.D. accepted.
® MFGS. TRADEMARK
circle No. 77
STROM «
P.O. Box 197
Plymouth, Mi. 48170
(313)455-8022
SYSTEMS INC.
VISA AND MASTERCARD ACCEPTED L_
WRITE OR CALL FOR FREE CATALOG
PHONE ORDER HOURS
4 PM ■ 9 PM MON.FRI.
INCLUDE CARD NUMBER
AND EXPIRATION DATE WITH
CREDIT CARD ORDERS.
INCLUDE TYPE OF COMPUTER.
112
MICRO
No. 59 -April 1983
— OS/ LIVES! —
and gets FULL SUPPORT at Community Computers
Keywriter - New
Word Processor
Compatible with Single User, Multi-
User and Network Systems!
Keywriter Incorporates standard com-
mands with powerful features like:
• Mall Merge, DMS Compatible
• Menu Driven
• Full Screen Editing 'User Friendly
• On Screen Help and Prompts and
Formatting
• Linked Print-out of up to Nine Files
• Compatible with latest OS-65U
Version
• Requires 8" Floppy or Hard Disk
System
Keywriter offers a true full screen
editor, with four way cursor control at all
times.
Keywriter documentation includes a
60 page Self Teaching Manual. $300
Compiler for 65U
A true native code compiler. Supports
all OS-65U features, except common
varibles. 2-10x Improvement In speed.
Compatible with latest version of
OS-65U. $395
Editor-ROM
Most powerful Editor-ROM available
for OSI machines. Full four way cursor
movement; windows; keystroke control
of special features. Also has com-
munications software for level I multi-
station systems.
For all C1P, C2, C4, C8P Basic-in-
ROM systems, except 400 and 500 Rev
A, B, C, CPU's. Requires some cuts and
jumpers $30
• Full Support for OSt
• Custom Hardware & Software
• Service Contracts Available
^Community ^',:VM^Z>r.
WOlTipUrorS Arlington, Va 22201
circle No. 62
Since 1977
Dealer Inquiries Invited
Cluster System
Software
Connect up to 16, or more, CI, C2, C4,
or C8 systems to any OSI 8" floppy
system. Fast, simple disk/printer share
system.
Ideal for schools. $500
DMS-X
DMS compatible database manage-
ment system with full screen file editor;
definable reports with specifications
editing; powerful report formatter; fast
machine code keyflle sort; flexible create
and recreate utilities; more.
System is fully driven menu.
$300 -i- DMS license
OSI / IBM
Double Density
Floppy Controller
• Replaces 470 board
• Fully compatible with OSI format
and IBM single density format.
• Double density, too. Up to 2.4 meg
storage on standard floppy drives.
• 5V*" Drive capability, software
selectable.
• Phase-locked loop insures data
integrity.
• Special introductory price. $500
OKIDATA 82A
$419.
SPECIALS OF THE MONTH
COMMODORE
64
$CALL
ATARI 800
$NEW
LOWER
PRICE!
COMPUTERS
ATARI 400 $197.
ATARI 800 $598.
ATARI 410 $74.
ATARI 810 $439.
COMMOOORE 64 CALL
COMMODORE VIC 20 $14%
COMMODORE VIC 1530 $69.
NEC PC 8001A $739.
NEC PC 8012A $499.
NEC PC 8031A $739.
SANYO MCB 1000 $1599.
TIMEX 1000 $84.
XEROX 51/4" CALL
XEROX 8" CALL
XEROX 630 CALL
DISKETTES
BASF CALL
MAXELL CALL
TERMINALS
TELEVIDE0 910 $589.
TELEVIDE0 950 $945.
PRINTERS
DIABLO 620 $1199.
DIABLO 630 $1675.
OKIDATA 82A $419.
OKIDATA 83A $699.
OKIDATA 84P $1029.
EPSON CALL
NEC 8023 $479.
SOFTWARE
MICROSOFT CALL
MICROPRO CALL
ALL MAJOR BRANDS CALL
QOMPUWAY, m.
24 LUMBER ROAD
ROSLYN, N.Y. 11576
toll free 800 6451362
516 6211362
Circle No. 63
No. 59 -April 1983
MICRO
113
s
ADVANCED
m
Ml tit
Mi. .ar » 'a. ;;r"-!:, :: •! is?" ai H^
Zoom HiRes Graphic Printing
for Appie Computers
Print front or back view of either or both screens
Print upright, upside down, rotated left or right
Selectable printing densities for many printers
Easily place zoom viewport using on-screen crosshairs
Large range of scale factors, independently selected
Load files to either screen in just 5 keystrokes
Type upper/lower case English or Greek text on screen
Attach screen dump to your own programs, complete
details
Real Apple II DOS 3.3 format — Unprotected backup
with COPYA
Supports over 70 dot matrix and letter quality printers
Supports serial, parallel, graphic, and buffer I/O cards
Also works with the Basis and Franklin Computers
Only $34.95 postpaid or see your dealer
Versions without text annotation available for
Apple II Pascal $34.95
Apple III SOS 1.1 $44.95
2281 Cobble Stone Court
3i
Circle No. 37
^^ Dayton, Ohio 45431 -
n 513/426-3579 A
mmm
Dealer Inquiries
InvHedl
m
Basic Aid
"An excellent program
and fine utility."
Rainbow Review -Aug. 82
Single control key input of
BASIC commands. J 34.95
Spectrum Stick
"More like arcade joysticks
than anything we've yet
encountered."
Rainbow Review- Oct.82
Response and control put the joy
back in color computing. $39.95
CALL NOW
212-441'2807
FOR FAST DELIVERY
All orders plus $2 shipping
Circle No. 64
Colorcom/E
"Out of thousands of programs,
this program... SUPER!"
80-US Review-Nov.82
A smart communications package.
Disk or Rompack $49.95
CoCo/EAD
Color Computer Editor,
Assembler and Debugger $6.95
Spectrum Paddle
For quicker sidetoside action
and higher scores. $19.95
SEND TO
DEPT. 02 93-15 86TH DRIVE
WOODHAVEN, N.Y. 11421
NY residents add sales tax
MICRObits
Deadline for MICRObits: 20th of second month before publica-
tion; i.e., April 20th for June issue. Send typewritten copy
(40^word limit) with $25.00 per insertion,
at $10.00.]
(Subscribers: first ad
Enhanced OS65D 3.3 C1PMF
Many new functions such as system commands for catalog
control, 10 active files, end of file/end of volume processing,
background printing, file append, dynamic file buffers/sectors
command file processing, long string read command. Many
more! $30. Write for details.
Ray Lydon
20 Eastwood Dr.
Grafton, OH 44044
Lessons in Algebra
An easy and fun way to learn the basic elements of high
school algebra. Apple computer diskette $29.95. 30-day
money-back guarantee if not satisfied.
George Earl
1302 So. General McMullen Dr.
San Antonio, TX 78237
The State of the Art in Astro-Software
Wide range of astrological and astronomical software of the
highest quality. From powerful (and income-producing)
astrological charting service packages and printing
interpretation packages, to super-accurate computer
ephemerises. For all Commodore computers, Apple II Plus,
andTRS-80.
Matrix Software
315 Marion Avenue
Big Rapids, MI 49307
Apple li interfacing
FLY BOARD is a programmable interface that includes a 6522
VIA, 2K bytes of RAM, two 36-inch DIP jumpers, and
documentation that makes interfacing easy and fun. Only
$129.95 from:
SNA VE SYSTEMS
P.O. Box 957
Niles, IL 60648
(312) 966-4505
Go
Plays at 9 kyu level, scores automatically, can vary board
size, etc. $29.00.
John F. Moore
1145 Alameda #1
Belmont CA 94002
MCRO
114
MICRO
No. 59- April 1983
VIC-20 USERS: Get Serious With A PRQIYigUEEM
• A cartridge development system • Comprehensive manuals
• Program from Commodore VIC-20 keyboard into built-in 4K
ROM emulator • Jumper to target ROM socket
• Test programs in circuit • Fits EXPANSION PORT
• Includes Hexkit LI?, a powerful 100% macfiine code editor/de-
bugger utility program tfiat makes coding for &-bit Micros a snap.
• Built-in EPROM programmer and power supply
• Burns & runs EPROMS for the Commodore VIC-20, too
Programs 2716, 2732, 2732A, 27C16, 27C32, adaptable to 2532 & 2764
PHQIYIQLIEEOi cartridge coiviplete only $199
us Canada
Promqueen 64 $299.00 $399.00
8K board with 1 EPROM $29.95 $39.96
16 board with 1 EPROM $39.95 $49.95
8K board with 1 EPROM, 064 $39.95 $49,95
Send for Free Brochure
GLQJCESTEH
CQinPJTEH.mc.
Distributed in U.S. by Arbutus Total Soft, Inc., 4202 Meridian, Suite 214,
Beilingham, WA 98226. Phone 800-426-1253, In Washington 206-733-0404
Distributed in Canada by IBC/Distrlbutlon Canada,4047 Cambie St.,
Vancouver, BC V5Z 2x9. Phone 604-879-7812
Circle No. 55
UPGRADE YOUR AIM-65* INSTANTLY
*A trademark of Rockwell inc.
To A 6809 Development System
With The
"MACH-9"
From
M M S Inc.
INTRODUCTORY PRICE
$239.
Plus $6 U.P.S.
And Handling
Includes:
*6809 CPU Plug-In Assembly
*Super-set of AIIV1 Monitor
*Two-Pass Symbolic Assembler
'Complete Monitor Source Listings
'Enhanced Cut & Paste Editor
*200 Page Manual
•Full I/O Control
"MACH-9" is assembled and tested with
local BUS, 5 locking low force ROM sockets
and 2K Static RAM
M M S Inc.
1110 E. Pennsylvania St.
Tucson, AZ 85714
(602) 746-0418
Circle No. 27
No. 59 -April 1983
MICRO
115
JMCQO
Hardware Catalog
4
Apple Drive Signal Monitor
A unique programming
aid for Apple computers
monitors drive line status
and computer power. The
Drive Signal monitor fiom
Teaco, Inc.
ADASI units provide LED
status indication of all lines
connecting the floppy drive
to the computer. On sys-
tem bootup, the display
shov/s the activity v/ith a
display of flashing lights.
First, it indicates the pov/er
supply voltages to assure
safe operation. Then the
multi-colored display
shov/s the status of all
lines, for system analysis.
ADASI daisy chains be-
tv/een the computer and
drive or can be used v/ith
the computer alone.
Three are available: The
ADASI I ($59.50), designed
for internal drive connec-
tion, and the ADASI n
($139.50) and ADASI EI
(149.50), for their respec-
tive drives with external
connection.
Contact computer
stores or Teaco, Inc., P.O.
Box E, 2117 Ohio Street,
Michigan City, IN 46360;
(219)874-6234
Apple Software Protected
A programmable Data
Lok for protection of Apple-
compatible software allows
software to be copied for
normal backup. However,
the software will run only
on machines with Data Lok
plugged into the game port V
socket. ^
Each series of keys sup-
plied to various software
companies is unique to that
company. They in turn in-
sert unique code into their
software. Quantity pricing
is as low as $12. The device
is available only to
authorized software com-
panies on a controlled
basis.
Available from Teaco,
Inc., P.O. Box E, Michigan
City, IN 46360;
[219)874-6234
2200 Series Numonics Pad
i^
A new electiomagnetic
digitiaing tablet features
user specification of output
data in absolute measure-
ment or the number of
user-defined minimum in-
crements down to 0.001"
(0.025 mm). Metric or
English measurements are
also switch-selectable.
Multiple interfaces add to
its flexibility — dual
RS232C, bit parallel or
IEEE-488 — and can be out-
put in either the standard
serial or packed binary for-
mat. It operates in point,
stream, incremantal. or
switch stream modes and
measures up to 200 points
per second. Other standard
features include firmware
for self-diagnostics, metric
menuing. host override of
switch-settable functions,
and an inboard audible
tone, Optional features
include 1, 4, or 16 button
cursors, axis rotation and
scaling.
An 12"xl2" ($675.00)
and a 20"x20" ($1275.00)
version are available.
Quantity prices on request.
For more information
write Numonics, 418
Pierce Street, Lansdale, PA
19446 (215)923-0183
Silence Noisy Printers
Soundtiap quiets print-
ing noise to a level where a
business or phone conver-
sation can be conducted
standing next to a func-
tioning printer, according
to Trace Systems, Inc. with
the unit in the upright posi-
tion, held by the optional
stand, the accessory
becomes a data holder or
copy stand. Soundtrap also
116
MICRO
No. 59 -April 1983
provides storage for paper
and simplifies paper feeding
and fan folding.
This accessory ac-
comodates most popular
printers, including Epson,
NEC, Okidata, IBM, and
Apple.
For pricing and other
information, contact Trace
Systems, Inc., 1928 Old
Middlefield Way, Moun-
tain View, CA 04043; toll
free (800) 24-TRACE, or in
CA, call Jim Paige collect at
(415) 964-3115
Soundtrap from Trace
Systems, Inc.
Commodoie
Communications
Compack for the Com-
modore 4032, 8032, 64 is
an intelligent terminal
communications package
that turns the Commodore
into a communications
control center. It records
data to disk, reads data
from disk, and sends data to
the printer. User programs
control the unit to provide
remote telemetry, bulletin
boards, etc. Price is
$129.95.
For more information
contact CGRS Microtech,
P.O. Box 102, Langhome,
PA 19047.
Portable 68000 Trainer
Micro 68000 is a por-
table 68000 Training/Pro-
totyping System designed
for engineers and techni-
cians. It comes with six
amp switchig power sup-
ply, Versabus 68000 com-
puter board, hexadecimal
keyboard, and LED display
packaged in a hardwood
and dark, plastic case. An
optional, padded carrying
case is also available.
The 16K byte memory
can be any combination of
RAM or ROM and includes
both Pete-bug keyboard
monitor and Tutor-bug pro-
viding the user with debug,
assembly, disassembly,
program entry, and I/O
control functions. The ex-
panded display board shows
entries in both hexadecimal
and binary. The computer
board contains two RS-232
ports and 32 bits of parallel
I/O. Micro 68000 comes
with Lance Leventhals's
' ' 68000 Assembly Language
Programming," Motorola's
"68000 Users Manual,"
and CSA's "Micro 68000
Micro 68000 from Computei Systems Associates
User's Manual." Price is
$1498.00
For more information
contact Computer Systems
Associates, 7562 Trade St.,
San Diego, CA 92121;
(619)566-3911
64K Buffer
for Epson Printers
A new printer buffer
card, Wizard-EBI Epson
Buffered Interface mounts
Wizard- EBI Epson Buffered Interface from Wesper
Microsystems
•«.^ ?■;--:„:•
i
inside all Epson MX Series
Printers. It allows the com-
puter to dump its print data
into the buffer quickly free-
ing up the computer. The
printer continues to print at
its own rate of speed while
the computer goes on to the
next task.
The Wizard-EBI does
not change the printer
characteristics, so no
special software or cabling
is required. Delivered ready
to install by a simple pro-
cedure, the buffer is
available with 8K
($139.00), 16K ($158.00),
32K ($200.00), or 64K
($280.00) characters,
depending on the number
of RAM chips plugged into
sockets provided on the
card. The Wizard-EBI has a
Centronics-compatible
parallel interface identical
to that of the Epson printer.
For more information
contact Wesper Micro-
systems, 3188 Pullman
Street, Costa Mesa, CA
92626; (800) 850-8737, or
in CA [714] 850-1666.
mioao
''I
' /
No. 59 -April 1983
MICRO
117
/AlCftO
Software Catalog
lii I
Dark Crystal
for the Apple
The Dark Crystal Ad-
venture Game offers sig-
nificant advancements in
graphics, language, and pro-
gramming, according to its
producers. The player be-
comes Jen, the hero of the
movie ''The Dark
Crystal," and controls ac-
tions by typing commands
on the computer keyboard.
The plot of the game
concerns a quest for a miss-
ing shard [as it did in the
motion picture), which
must be replaced by Jen in
the broken crystal in order
to save the world.
Price is $39.95. Avail-
able from Sierra On-Line
Inc., Sierra On-Line
Building, Coarsegold, CA
93614; (209) 683-6858.
Elementary Fun
Rhymes and Riddles for
the Atari, IBM/PC, and
Apple II Plus, contains
three-letter guessing
games, nursery rhymes,
riddles, and famous say-
ings. In each game you
press letters to fill in the
blanks and complete the
lines. Once you have cor-
rectly completed the lines
you are rewarded with col-
orful graphics and sound.
Price is $29.95. Avail-
able from Spinnaker Soft-
ware Inc., 215 First St.,
Cambridge, MA 02142
Help With Math
Elements of Mathe-
matics for the Apple II Plus
assists in the instruction of
the elements of mathe-
matical functions. Content
includes: adding fractions
(common denominators);
reducing fractions; adding
fractions (unlike denomi-
nators). Student record-
keeping is provided.
Price is $90.00. Avail-
able from Electronic
Courseware Systems, Inc.,
P.O. Box 3274, Station A,
Champaign, IL 61820;
(217) 359-7099.
Stock Market
on the Apple
This Stock Market Util-
ity Package, DOW 2000/
OPTION43/BE. POINT7,
will determine price projec-
tions based on a stock's
BETA coefficient or Rela-
tive Strength # and the
Dow Jones Average. Projec-
tions are made as you vary
the DOW, on one stock or
entire portfolio with single
scan, quick scan, or vari-
able scan of values. The op-
tion program will give you
the percent of cost increase
over the option months to
determine which month
and strike price option to
buy for a given stock.
BE.POINT7 will determine
your break-even point for
options or securities.
Price is $23.95 (booklet
$4.95 extra). Available
from Bit'n Pieces Series,
P.O. Box 7035, Erie, PA
16510-0035.
Improve Your Typing
Typing Package for the
VIC-20 consists of three dif-
ferent programs on a single
tape and assists typing
students. One program,
WARMUP, takes the stu-
dent through a series of
finger exercises of increas-
ing difficulty. The other
programs give the student
drill on longer blocks of
text. A score is indicated for
all programs. The package
is a supplement to a school
course or self-teaching text.
Price is $12.75. Avail-
able from MFJ Electro-
Enterprises, P.O. Box
13076, Kanata, Ont. K2K
1X3 Canada; (613)
592-2962.
"The Daik Crystal" adventure game recreates scenes from
the motion picture.
VIC Adventure
In Zoilok an adventure
game for the VIC-20, you
are the great, great grand-
son of Zorlok the wizard,
and you have inherited a
quest! You must enter his
castle, wipe out a plague of
monsters, and regain his
118
MICRO
No. 59 - April 1983
^\WflRE flSSaCJflTES, LTD.
U-
25
LU
03
0-card
Questionnaire Analysis Software
• Microcomputer based
Avoid the expense of contract services -- do everything in-house on
your own Apple IK microcompijter.
• Easy dato entry
Avoid time consuming keypunching. Uses respondent-marked cards
entered with an Optical iV,ark Reader (keyboard entry also passible).
• Comprehensive data onalysis
Sort on any varioble(s), tally all responses, conduct cross tabs,
correlations, linear regression, frequency distributiorts, ond more.
• Complete editing capabilities
Weight items, derive composites, add or delete items, and more.
• Easy-to-use
Programs are user friendly, menu driven, ond interactive. No special
compuler expertise is required.
Coil or send for more intormotton today.
SCJEf^iTJ^JC SQRWflRE flSSQCJflTES, LTD.
BDJ^aoa • wflJSflu, w;. 51.MD1
TEi-EPHQI^E: (715) aW-aQ&E.
Apple IK is a registered trademark af Apple Computer, Inc.
Circle No. 49
Boxey Says: 'The place to find the
Cable you need is in my Catalog!"
No matter what type of data cable you need, you can find it in the
BLACK BOX® Catalog. We carry 23 types of cables to fit every
popular interface (17 in all). Data Cables are available cut to lengtfi
and terminated to your specs or in bulk witfi separate connectors for
on-site Installation.
Tfie 1983 Edition of the BLACK BOX^Catalog contains 282" differ-
ent data communications products, including cables.
Send for your copy today. It's Free!
'56 models ot Data Switches. 14 Test Sets, 7 Modem Eliminators. 6 Line Drivers. 5 Protocol
Converters. 9 Cotnmunication Atiapters, 8 Primer Interlaces, 3 Terminal^Line/Modem sharing
devices, Tools, etc.. etc.
Phone or write:
J^
BIACK BOX®CATALOG
rA MICOM COMPANY
Dept. so • P.O. Box 12800 • Pittsburgh, PA 15241
(412) 746-2910 • TWX 510-697-3125
Circle No. 69
IMAGE PRINTER IZ
THE FULL SERVICE PICTURE PRINTER
BEYOND CONVENTIONAL PROGRAMS.
The new, improved IMAGE PRINTER goes beyond
the capabilities of conventional picture printing pro-
grams for the Apple //. Even owners of graphic
printer interface cards will find that IMAGE PRINTER
greatly expands their picture printing abilities!
FULL SERVICE MEANS MORE FEATURES.
IMAGE PRINTER starts you out on the fast track by
helping you "capture" the HI-RES pictures from your
favorite programs — even the copy-protected ones!
IMAGE PRINTER then lets you customize the picture
the way you want by adding titles, lines, boxes, color
filling portions of the screen, or even scrolling the
entire picture in any of four directions.
After you polish your picture, IMAGE PRINTER lets
you easily select any portion of it to be printed. The
resulting image can be shrunk or expanded and then
printed either vertically or horizontally, anywhere on
the printed page.
FEATURES
GRAPHIC OTHER
IMAGE PRINTER PICTURE
PRINTER CARDS PROGRAMS
Capture pictures from programs
Save pictures on diskette
Menu driven for ease of use
Unprotected, modifiable
Add titles, borders, lines & boxes
Color fill portions of picture
Scroll pictures 4 ways
View picture before printing
Print any portion of picture
Select a portion of a picture
using a graphic "window"
Print V2 to 6x normal size
Print horizontally or vertically
Print anywhere on page
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Image Printer works with over 30 different printers and 20
different interface cards.
DON'T SETTLE FOR LESS! «■ .< « ^
GET THE FULL SERVICE PICTURE PRINTER! J 49.95
Sensible eeiSPerham Drive
West Bloomfield, Michigan
48033 (313)399-8877
Visa antJ MastercartJ Welcome Add ) 25 postage and handling per program
4H^SoftujQre, Inc.
Circle No. 71
No. 59 -April 1983
MICRO
119
Software Catalog (continued)
treasures. Multiple skill
levels are provided.
Price is $39.95. Avail-
able from MicRo Informa-
tion Systems, P.O. Box 73,
Wayne, NJ 07470; (201)
696-3296.
FILEXforPET/CBM
FILEX for PET/CBM
allows you to read and
write IBM "BASIC Data
Exchange" diskettes. The
system allows information
exchange between main-
frame/mini computers, and
remote CBM machines. Re-
quires 32K, PEDisk 8"
floppy.
Price is $245.00, which
includes ROM and manual.
Available from CGRS
Microtech, P.O. Box 102,
Langhorne, PA 19047; (215)
757-0284.
Light Typing
MasterTypeTM^ for the
Atari 400 or 800 and Apple
II provides typing instruc-
tion in game format. You
must zap the enemy word
by typing it correctly or the
word will zap you. Eighteen
lessons graduate from
home letter recognition to
eight-letter words, num-
bers, and BASIC program-
ming words. You can create
your own lesson to meet in-
dividual needs.
Price is $39.95. Avail-
able from Lightning Soft-
ware, Inc., P.O. Box 11725,
Palo Alto, CA 94306.
SXR Plus
f ot the Apple U
SXR Plus produces a
sorted cross reference of an
Applesoft source program.
Variables are always in-
cluded and the user has the
option to include/exclude
referenced line numbers,
numeric constants and or
strings. All information is
presented in a single alpha-
betized list; the user can
select either a 40- or an
80-column format. A search
feature is also included.
Price is $39.95. Avail-
able from Prasek Computer
Systems, Inc., P.O. Box
2427, Santa Clara, CA
95055; (408) 554-0420, or
computer stores.
Geography on the
Colot Computet
Geography Pac for the
TRS-80 Color Computer,
an educational program,
helps you leam world or
U.S. geography in an en-
joyable way. You need 16K
Extended BASIC machine
language and a cassette tape
recorder.
The $29.95 price in-
cludes cassette tape of U.S.,
Europe, Asia, Africa, and
South Central America.
Available from Spectral
Associates, 141 Harvard
Avenue, Tacoma, WA
98466.
Apple n Game
Monstei Mash is an
arcade-style game for the
Apple II and Apple HI (in
emulation mode) computers.
It's your job to keep the
rowdy monsters in the
graveyard, and all you have
to do it with is your new
Monster Masher system
and quick reflexes. The
game offers many different
skill levels and control con-
figurations. 48K required.
Price is $29.95. Avail-
able from The Software
Farm, 3901 So. Elkhart St.,
Aurora, CO, 80014; (303)
690-7559.
Commodore
Word Processor
Copy-Writer for the
Commodore PET/CBM and
Commodore 64 is a second-
generation word processor
containing features of the
best word processing sys-
tems; pagination, number-
ing, justification, spacing,
searching, block moves,
etc. It also contains capabil-
ities for double column,
shorthand, and graphics. Pe-
ridodic updates are included.
Price is $185.00.Avail-
able from CGRS Microtech,
P.O. Box 102, Langhome,
PA 19047; (215) 757-0248
ilMCftO
IS THERE LIFE AFTER BASIC ?
YES I WITH...
COLORFORTH™
MOVE UP FROM BASIC! Forth is a new, high levei ianguage available now for the TRS-80® Color Com-
puter. COLORFORTH, a version of fig FORTH, has an execution time as much as lO to 20 times faster than
Basic, and can be programmed faster than Basic, COLORFORTH is highly modular which make testing
and debugging much simpler. COLORFORTH has been specially customized for the color computer and
requires oniy 16K. it does not require Extended Basic. When you purchase COLORFORTH, you receive
both cassette and RS/DISK versions, the standard fig EDITOR and an extensive instruction manual. Both
versions and 75 page manual $49,95
Add $2.00 shipping
DEALER AND AUTHOR INQUIRIES INVITED
ARMADILLO INT'L SOFTWARE
P. O. Box 7661
Austin, Texas 78712
Texas residents add 5 percent
mcsm
Phone (512) 459-7325
Circle No. 12
120
MICRO
No. 59 -April 1983
THE PROFESSIONAL'S CHOICE
FORTH — A Tool for Craftsmen!
It has been said that if Chippendale had made programs he would
have used FORTH as his tool. If you want to learn how to program,
use a teaching language — PASCAL or BASIC. If you know how to
program, use a language designed for craftsmen — FORTH.
FORTH Systems
For all FLEX systems: 6800 & 6809. Specify 5" or 8" diskette and
hardware configuration. For standalone versions, write or call.
* * tFORTH— extended fig-FORTH (1 disk) $1 00 ($1 5)
** tFORTH +— extended more 1(3 5" or 2 8" disks) $250($25)
tFORTH + includes 2nd screen editor, assembler, extended
data types and utility vocabularies, GOING FORTH CAI course
on FORTH, games, and debugging aids.
TRS-80 COLORFORTH — 10K ROM Pack
Full screen editor. Will work on 4K, 16K, or 32K systems
$1 10 ($20). Disk versions available.
Applications Programs
* * firmFORTH 6809 tFORTH + only $350 ($10)
For target compilations to rommable code. Deletes unused
code and unneeded dictionary heads. Requires tFORTH + .
"TINY PASCAL compiler in FORTH . 6800/09 $75 ($20)
** FORTH PROGRAMMING AIDS: Extensive debugging, decom-
piling, and program analysis tools. $1 50 ($10)
Manuals alone, price in ( ). Add $5/system for shipping. $12 for
foreign air Talbot Microsystems
1927 Curtis Ave., Redondo Beach, CA 90278
(213)376-9941
(TM) tFORTH, COLORFORTH and firmFORTH are trademarks of Talbot hAicrosystems.
(TM) FLEX is a trademark of Tect^nlcai Systems Cor}sultants.
ATTENTION
PROGRAMMERS!!
DATASOFT is currently seeking programs and
programmers to add to their rapidly growing
and expanding operation. A 4eading marketer
and developer of personal computer software,
DATASOFT offers experienced assembly-
language programmers the opportunity to join
their staff to develop and translate arcade
games such as ZAXXON™, as well as to author
original material for theirgames, education and
home management product lines. DATASOFT
pays competitive salaries, plus bonuses based
on product performance. Relocation assistance
is available, if needed.
If you have working knowledge of Atari, Apple,
Tl, or Commodore operating systems, graphics,
animation and sound, call or write Melinda
Storch at:
Ml
Wm.
"^^fe^ COMPUTER SOnWARE
9421 Winnetka Ave.
Chatsworth. CA 91311
(213)701-5161 / (800)423-5916
ZAXXON and SEGA are registered trademarks of Sega Enterprises.
DATASOFT is a registered trademark of Datasoft, Inc.
Circle No. 72
ROCKWELL Microcomputers from Excert, Inc.
• • SPECIALS • •
A65-1 (IK RAM) $435
A65-4 (4K RAM) $455
A65-4B,4F (4K, BASIC or FORTH) . . $495
A65-4AB (4K, BASIC & Assembler) . $525
A65/40-5000 (32K RAM) $1250
LANGUAGES for
AIM 65® & AIM 65/40®
Assembler $35
BASIC ROMs $65
FORTH ROMs $65
ENCLOSURES &
POWER SUPPLIES
A65-006 $175
ENC4A $115
ENC5A $130
ENC6A $140
Educational Computer Division
EXCERT INCORPORATED
SM£S
SERVICE
INiSrAUJVTION
(XHiKULTING
P.O. Box 8600
White Bear Lake
Minnesota 55110
(612) 426-4114
RM 65® SERIES
Deduct 5% from list if
ordered with AIM 65® or
AIM 65/40®.
REPAIR SERVICE
(out of warranty only)
$25/tir. plus parts - $25 min.
SPARE PARTS
are available
Authorized Dealers for:
CUBIT, MTU, FORETHOUGHT PRODUCTS,
GORDOS, SEAWELL, DYNATEM,
APPLIED BUSINESS COMPUTER
CASH DISCOUNT ■ Deduct 5% for Prepaid Orders
(we pay shipping)
TERMS:
Net 30 from approved Companies & Institutions — otherwise COD.
Shipping will be added to order. Minnesota residents add 6% sales tax.
Prices subject to change without notice.
AIM 65. AIM 65/40 and RM 65 are registered trademarks o(
Rockwell International Corp.
Circle No. 73
No. 59 -April 1983
MICRO
121
VIDEO TERMINAL BOARD 82-018
This is a complete stand alone Video Terminal board.
All that is needed besides this board is a parallel
ASCII keyboard, standard NTSC monitor, and a
power supply. It displays 80 columns by 25 lines of
UPPER and lower case characters. Data is transfer-
red by RS232 at rates of 110 baud to 9600 baud —
switch selectable. The DART is controlled (parity etc.)
by a 5 pos. dip switch.
Complete source listing is included in the documen-
tation. Both the character generator and the CRT pro-
gram are in 2716 EPROMS to allow easy modification
to your needs.
This board uses a 6502 Microprocessor and a 6545-1
CRT controller The 6502 runs during the horz. and
vert, blanking (45% of the time). The serial input port
is interrupt driven. A 1500 character silo is used to
store data until the 6502 can display it.
Features
6502 Microprocessor
6545-1 CRT controller
2716 EPROM char. gen.
2716 EPROM program
4K RAM (6116)
• 2K EPROM 2716
• RS232 I/O for direct
connection to computer
or modem.
• 80 columns x 25 line display
Size 6.2 " X 7.2"
Output for speaker (bell)
Power + 5 700Ma.
+ 12 50Ma.
-12 50Ma.
BAUD RATE
GENERATOR
110-9600
PARALLEL
KEYBOARD
INPUT
(TTL)
VIDEO TERMINAL
82-018
UAHT
VIDEO
DISPLAY
CIRCUIT
COMPOSITE
VIDEO
SPEAKER
(BELL)
+ 5 +12 -12 GND.
This board Is available assembled and tested, or bare board with the two EPROMS
and crystal.
Assembled and tested #82-01 8A $199.95
Bare board with EPROMS and crystal
Both versions come with complete documentation.
#82-0188 $ 89.95
JToHiv Bell Eivoiiveeriivg, live.
#249
all products are available from john bell engineering, inc. • 1014 center st., san carlos, ca 94070
add sales tax in california • add 5% shipping & handling 3% for orders over $100
(415) 592-841 1 ^°°^° outside u.s.a.
WILL CALL HOURS: Sam ■ 4pm
SEND $1.00 FOR CATALOG
ADD $1.50 FOR C.O.D.
122
MICRO
Circle No. 21
No. 59 -April 1983
BULLETIN BOARD
#
FORUM-80 Augusta, GA 18031 179 5391
FORUM-80 Chaileston, SC 18031 551 1611
FORUM-80 Cleveland, OH &(116| 486 4176
FORUM-80 #1, Denver, CO (303) 399 8858
FORUM-80 El Paso, TX (915| 755 1000
FORUM-80 Family Historian Fairfax, VA (7031 978 7561
FORUM-80 Ft. Lauderdale, FL (3051 771 4444
FORUM-80 Hull, England |01 1) 44 482 859169
FORUM-80 Kansas City, MO #1 S.(816)861 7040
FORUM-80 Kansas City, MO & 816 931 9316
FORUM-80 Las Vegas, NV 7021 362 3609
FORUM-80 Linden, NI 2011 486 2956
FORUM-80 Medford, OR 503) 535 6883
FORUM-80 Medical, Memphis, TN 901) 176 8196
FORUM-80 Monmouth, Brielle, N) (201) 518 6623
FORUM-80 Montgomery, AL 205 272 5069
FOJlUM-80 Nashua, NH (603) 882 5041
FORUM-80 Prince William County, VA (703) 670 5881
FORUM-80 San Antonio, TX i(512] 655 8143
FORUM-80 Seattle, WA (2061 723 3282
FORUM-80 Siena Vista, AZ (602) 458 3850
FORUM-80 Shjeveport, LA (318) 631 7107
FORUM-80 Westford, MA (617) 691 3973
FORUM-80 Wichita, KA &(316) 682 1113
F0RUM-8Q Wichita Falls, TX (817) 855 3916
FORUM-80 Wild goose board, Tampa, FL (813) 988 7400
Greene Machine, WPB, FL (305) 965 4388
Greene Machine Fricaseed Chicken, Arcadia, CA (113) 445 3591
Greene Machine, Riverside, CA '(714) 354 8004
Greene Machine Corsair, WPB, FL !(305) 968 8653
Greene Machine, Los Alamitos, CA 1(213)431 1443
Greene Machine, Rome, NY !|315) 337 7720
Greene Machine, Irvine, CA ! 714) 551 4336
Greene Machine, Temple City, CA !(213| 287 1363
HBBS Denver, CO (303) 343 8401
HBBS El Paso, TX (915| 592 1910
HBBS Oklahoma City, OK (405) 848 9329
MCMS C.A.M.S. Chicago, IL #1&(3121 927 1010
MCMS (.A.M.S. Lockport, IL (815)838 1020
MCMSL.A.M.S. Round Lake, IL 312) 740 9118
MCMSP.C.M.S. Wheaton, IL !&(312) 462 7560
MCMS Metro West Database, Chicago, IL &|311) 160 0640
MCMS NC Software, Minneapolis, MN (611) 533 1957
MCMS WACO Hot Line, Schaumburg, IL pvt (311)3514374
NET-WORKS
NET-WORKS
NET-WORKS
NET-WORKS
NET-WORKS
NET-WORKS
NET WORKS
NET-WORKS
NET-WORKS
NET-WORKS
NET-WORKS
NET-WORKS
NET-WORKS
NET-WORKS
NET-WORKS
NET-WORKS
NET-WORKS
NET-WORKS
NET-WORKS
NET-WORKS
NET-WORKS
NET-WORKS
NET-WORKS
NET-WORKS
NET-WORKS
NET-WORKS
NET-WORKS
NET-WORKS
NET-WORKS
NET-WORKS
NET-WORKS
NET-WORKS
NET-WORKS
NET-WORKS
NET-WORKS
NET-WORKS
NET-WORKS
NET-WORKS
NET-WORKS
NET-WORKS
NET-WORKS
NET-WORKS
NET-WORKS
NET-WORKS
NET-WORKS
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:y, MU (816)4831526
Apple Grove, Dallas, TX (214) 644 5 197
Apple Shack, Dallas, TX 214) 644 4781
Armadillo, Grand Forks, ND (701) 746 4959
Beach BBS, Pensacola, FL (904) 932 8271
Big Apple, Miami, FL (305) 948 8000
C.A.M.S., Decatur, IL (217) 429 5541
Charleston, WV (3041 345 8280
Chipmunk, Hinsdale, IL (312| 313 3741
Coin Games, Los Angeles, CA (213) 336 5535
COMM Center NW3N AGAD, Laurel, MD . . (301 ) 953 3341
(301)792 0305
Computer City, Providence, RI (401) 331 8450
Computer Emporium, Des Moines, lA (515) 279 8863
Computer Emporium, San Jose, CA (408) 227 0227
Computer Market, Honolulu, HI (808) 521 7312
Computer Pro, Ft. Worth, TX (817) 732 1787
Computer Station, St. Louis, MO 314) 432 7120
Computer Store, Honolulu, HI (808) 488 7756
Computer World, Los Angeles, CA (213) 859 0894
Crescent City, Baton Rouge, LA (504) 454 6688
Dallas, TX (214) 361 1386
Dayton, OH (5131213 3671
Eclectic Computer Sys., Dallas, TX (214| 239 5842
Granite City, IL (618) 877 2904
Greenfield, IN (317) 326 3833
Hacker-net, Dallas, TX (214) 824 7160
Hawaii (808) 521 7312
Hawaii Connection, Honolulu, HI (808) 423 1593
MAGIE, Galesburg, IL (309 341 7178
Magnetic Fantasies, Los Angeles, CA (213) 388 5198
MICRO-BBS Chelmsford, MA (617) 256 1446
Missouri (314) 781 1308
New York, NY (212)410 0949
North Parks, Chicago, IL (312) 745 0924
Pirate's Harbor, Boston, MA 1617 710 3600
Pirate's Lodge '.U (914| 634 1168
Pirate's Ship, Chicago, IL (311) 935 1933
Pirate's Trek ?!? (516) 617 9048
Portsmouth, NH (603 436 3461
Softworx, West Los Angeles, CA (213 473 2754
Sparklin' City, Corpus Christi, TX (512 882 6569
Toronto, Ontario, CN (416 445 6696
Warlock's Castle, St. Louis, MO (618 345 6638
Winesap, Dallas, TX (114 814 7455
??? (914 715 4060
ONLINE CDC, San Diego, CA (619)4516011
ONLINE Computerland, Montreal, Quebec, CN (514) 931 0458
ONLINE Dickinson's Movie Guide, Mission, KS (913) 431 5544
ONLINE Indianapolis,IN.ID# = CUES, pswd. pass (317) 787 9881
ONLINE Saba, San Diego, CA (619) 692 1961
ONLINE Santce, CA. . . .ID #- GUEST, pswd-PASS. . . .(619) 561 7171
PASBBS Torrance, CA #1 (213) 516 7089
PBBS Co-operative Comp Svc, Palatine, IL (312) 359 9450
PET BBSS.E.W.P.U-.G., Racine, Wl (414) 554 9510
PET BBS Commodore Comm., Lake St. Louis, MO (314) 625 4576
PMS-'*IF^*, Anaheim, CA (714) 7718868
PMS -Anchorage, AK (907) 344 8558
PMS -Apple Bits, Kansas City, MO !(913) 341 3502
PMS -Apple Guild, Weymouth, MA (617) 767 1303
PMS -Baltimore, MD (301) 764 1995
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PMS -Campbell, CA
PMS -Century 13, Las Vegas, NV
PMS -Chicago, IL
PMS -Cincinnati, OH
PMS -Computer City, Danvers, MA -.
PMS -Computer Merchant, San Diego, CA
PMS -Computer Solutions, Eugene, OR
PMS -Date! Systems Inc., San Diego, CA
PMS -Downers Grove/SRT, Downers Grove, IL
PMS -El Caion, CA
PMS -Ellicott City, MD
PMS -Escondido, CA
PMS -Ft. Smith Comp. Club, Ft. Smith, AK
PMS -Gulfcoast, Freeport, TX
PMS -Indianapolis, IN
PMS -Lakeside, CA. (type PMS to activate)
PMS -Los Angeles, CA
PMS -Massillon, OH
PMS -McGraw Hill Books, New York, NY
PMS -Minneapolis, MN
PMS -I.A.C., Lake Forest, IL
PMS -O.A.C., Woodland Hills, CA
PMS -Pikesville, MD
PMS -Pleasanton, CA
PMS -Portland, OR 1
PMS -Portola Valley, CA
PMS -RAUG, Akron, OH
PMS -Rutgers Univ. Microlab, Piscataway, NJ
PMS -Santa Cruz, Aptos, CA
PMS -Santee, CA #1
PMS -Shrewsbury, NJ
PMS -Software Unltd, Kenmore, WA
PMS -Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN
PMS -Your Computer Connection, KS Cty, MO
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A.B.Dick Co., Niles.IL S.(3111 647 7636
AIMS Hinsdale, IL (3111 789 0499
Arlington, VA (703) 536 3769
CBBS CP/M Net Simi Valley, CA |805) 517 9321
CBBS Columhus, OH |6U| 171 1117
CBBS Dallas, TX (114)9318174
CBBS Frog Hollow, Vancouver, BC, CN (604) 873 4007
CBBS Pasadena, CA (113) 799 1632
703)5242549
916)483 8718
503) 611 3193
408) 163 1588
370 0873
878 9106
373 8057
671 2753
774 7516
582 9557
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462 7419
145 1536
851 3453
867 746!
931 3887
688 9619
561 7277
747 6768
486 2368
929 8966
677 1299
PSBBS Baltimore, MD (301) 994 0399
PSBBS Washington, DC (102) 337 4694
RATS Systems #1 (201) 887 8874
RATS Homewood, IL )312) 957 3924
RATS Wenonah, N( (609) 468 5293
RATS Wenonah, NJ #2 (609) 468 3844
RCP/M
RCP/M
RCP/M
RCP/M
RCP/M
RCP/M
RCP/M
RCP/M
RCP/M
RCP/M
RCP/M
RCP/M
RCP/M
RCP/M
RCP/M
RCP/M
RCP/M
RCP/M
RCP/M
RCP/M
RCP/M
RCP/M
RCP/M
RCP/M
RCP/M
RCP/M
RCP/M
RCP/M
RCP/M
RCP/M
RCP/M
RCP/M
RCP/M
RCP/M
RCP/M
RCP/M
RCP/M
RCP/M
RCP/M
RCP/M
RCP/M
RCP/M
RCP/M
RCP/M
RCP/M
RCP/M
RCP/M
RCP/M
RCP/M
RCP/M
RCP/M
RCP/M
RCP/M
RCP/M
RCP/M
RCP/M
RCP/M
RCP/M
RCP/M
RCP/M
RCP/M
RCP/M
RCP/M
RCP/M
RCP/M
RCP/M
RCP/M
RCP/M
RCP/M
RCP/M
CBBSRLP, MacLean, VA.
CBBS Sacramento, CA
Chuck Forsberg, OR
Collossal Oxgate, San Jose, CA.
CUG-NOTE , Denver, CO i303) 781 4937
cue NODE, PA State College ". . . . .(814) 238 4857
Delioit, MI (313) 584 1044
Geneseo, IL (309) 944 5455
HAPN Hamilton, Ontario, CN |4161 335 6620
IBM PC, Niles, IL (312) 259 8086
Logan Square, Chicago, IL (311) 151 1136
MCBBS Keith Petersen, Royal Oak, MI (313) 759 6569
MCBBS Ken Stritzel, Flanders, NJ (201) 584 922?
MCBBS Superbrain, Lexington, MA $& 617) 8610781
MCBBS TCBBS Dearborn, MI (313) 846 6117
Mississauga HUG, Toronto, Ont., CN jai(416) 816 5394
NEI, Chicago, IL (312) 949 6189
Palatine, IL ai(311) 359 8080
RBBS Allentown, PA (215) 398 3937
RBBS ANAHUG, Anaheim, CA (714) 774 7860
RBBSArvadaElect., Colorado Springs, CO (303)634 1158
RBBS BBS Valley !(213) 360 5053
RBBS Boulder, CO (303) 499 9169
RBBS Bethesda, MD (301) 119 3196
RBBS Brewster, NY (914) 279 5693
RBBS Comp. Tech. Assoc, El Paso, TX (915 533 1101
RBBS Computerized Services, Tampa, FL (813)988 7400
RBBS Compution, Edmonton, Alberta, CN 403) 481 6854
RBBS Cranford, NJ (201) 172 1874
RBBS DataTech 001, San Carlos, CA #ljai(415) 595 0541
RBBS DataTech 004, Sunnyvale, CA (408) 732 2433
RBBS DataTech 006, San Francisco, CA (415) 563 4953
RBBS Edmonton, Alhena, CN &(403) 454 6093
RBBS El Paso, TX (915) 598 1668
RBBS Fon Mill, SC (803) 548 0900
RBBSGFRNDtaExch. Garden Grove, CA J&(714l 534 1547
RBBS GFRN Dta Exch. Palos Verdes, CA JS.{213| 541 2503
RBBS Grafton, VA 804 898 7493
RBBS Houston, TX (713| 497 5433
RBBSHuntsville, AL (205)895 6749
RBBS Laurel, MD (301) 953 3753
RBBS Larkspur, CA (415) 461 7716
RBBS Marin County, CA (415) 383 0473
RBBS Mike's, Milwaukee, Wl !|414) 647 0903
RBBS MUG, Mission, KS &(913) 362 9583
RBBS Napa Valley, CA (707) 253 1523
RBBS Ocean, NJ &(201) 775 8705
RBBS Piconct Oxgate, Mountain View, CA )415) 965 409?
RBBS San Jose Oxgate, San Jose, CA (408) 187 5901
RBBS Surrey, Vancouver, BC, CN (604) 584 1643
RBBS Pontiac, MI (313) 338 8515
RBBS Paul Bogdanovich, NJ (201) 747 7301
RBBS Rochester, NY (716) 123 1100
RBBS Rutgers, New Brunswick, NJ (201) 932 3879
RBBS San Diego, CA J&(619) 273 4354
RBBS Sofwaire Store, Los Angeles, CA (ll3) 196 5927
RBBS Software Tools, Austrailia (01) 997 1836
RBBS Southfield, MI (313) 559 5326
RBE.S Westland, Ml (313)7191905
RBBS Woodstock, NY (914)679 8734
RBBS Yelm, WA (206) 458 3086
Silicon Valley, CA (408)246 5014
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RCP/M SJBBS Johnson City, NY |607| 797 6416
RCP/MTerryO'Biien, Vancouver, BC, Canada |604| 584 2543
Remote Northstai Atlanta, GA #1 |4041 926 4318 '24
Remote Northstai Denver, CO [303| 444 7231
Remote Northstai Largo, FL (813| 535 9341 '24
Remote Northstar NASA, GreenUelt, MD |301| 344 9156
Remote Northstar Santa Baibaia, CA (805| 682 7876
Remote Northstar Santa Barbara, CA (8051 964 4115
Remote Northstar Virginia Beach, VA (804| 340 5246
ST80-CC Lance Micklus, Inc. Burlington, VT I 1|802) 862 7023 "24
ST80-PBB Monioe Cameia Shop, Monioe, NY (914) 782 7605
TCBBS B.A.M.S. New York, NY 1212)3621040 •14
TCBBS Leigh's Computer World, NY [212| 879 7698
TCBBS AstroCom, New York, NY Il!(212) 799 4649
TRADE-80 Albany, GA (912) 439 7440 '24
TRADE-80 Ft. Lauderdale, FL II (305) 525 1192
TRADE-80 Omaha, NE (402)292 6184
TRADE-80 Erie, PA (814) 898 2952 '24
MISCELLANEOUS OR UNKNOWN SYSTEM TYPES
ABBIES Inio System Phila, PA (215) 237 6908
ABBS I?) Queens, NY (212) 8960519
(?) (Western Massachusettes) (413) 637 3515
ACE Oregon (503) 343 4352
Adventure BBS (516) 621 9296
All Night BBS (213) 564 7636
Alpha, Tampa, FL. . . .acct# - ABCDOO, pwd- TRYIT (813)2514095
Aphrodite-E (201) 790 5910
Apollo's Chariot, Apollo, FL (813) 645 3669
Apple-Can Ontario (416) 781 1796
Apple-Gram (313) 295 0783
Applecrackers, Columbus, OH (614) 475 9791
Apple Tree BBS California (714) 963 7222
ARBB Seattle, WA (206) 546 6239
Armadillo Media Services, Houston, TX (713) 444 7098
Astro BBS New York (212) 787 5520
ATBBS Honolulu, HI (808) 833 2616
Aviators Bulletin Board, Sacramento, CA (916) 393 4459
Bathroom Wall BBS, San Antonio, TX (512)655 8143
Baton Rouge Data System, Baton Rouge, LA (504)9260181
Blue BOSS IBM PC, Berkeley, CA (415) 845 9462
BBS Annandale, VA (703) 978 9754
BBS Apollo, Phoenix, AZ 1(602)2461432
BBS Atlanta, GA (404) 939 1520
BBSB.R., Los Angeles, CA (213)394 5950
BBS Computer Applications Co., Poland, OH (116) 757 3711
BBS Homestead, FL (305) 246 1111
BBS Living Videotext, Menlo Park, CA (415) 327 8876
BBS Metro Detroit, MI !(313) 455 4227
BBS Pensacola, FL (904)477 8783
BBS SUE Milwaukee, Wl (414) 483 4578
BBS The BULL, Toronto, Ontario, CN I1416) 423 3265
BBS-80 DALTRUG, Dallas, TX (214) 235 8784
Big Top Games System, Milwaukee, WI (414)259 9475
Boston Information Exchange, Boston, MA &|617) 423 6985
Bronx BBS, NY (Ill) 933 9459
Bradley Computer BBS . .(813)734 7103
BSBB Tampa, FL (813)885 6187
Call A.P.P.L.E. Washington (206) 524 0203
C.A.M.S. Illinois (117)419 5505
Capital City BBS, Albany, NY (518) 346 3592
Carrier 2 Alexandria, VA (703) 823 5210
C-HUG Bulletin Board, Fairfax, VA (703)360 3812
COMM-80 Queens, NY (212) 897 3392
Communique-80 Livingston, NJ 20l) 992 4847
Compuque-80, Houston, TX (713) 444 7041
Compusystems, Columbia, ?? (803) 771 0922
Computer Connection (213) 657 1799
Datamate, Canoga Park, CA #1 (213) 998 7992
Davy Jones Locker (313) 764 1837
Dimension-80 Orange, CA (714) 974 9788
Distra-Soft, Montreal, Quebec, CN (514)327 5764
Dragon's Game System (pass-DRAGONI. (213) 428 5206
Drummer (415) 552 7671
Electric Line Connection, Sherman Oaks, CA (213) 789 9512
Experimental-80 Kansas City, MO (913) 676 3613
FGS/RP Games Illmois (312) 743 8176
Heath BBS Lakewood,NJ (201) 363 3122
Hermes-80 Allentown, PA (215) 434 3998
HEX Silver Spring, MD %(301) 593 7033
IDBN Info-Net, Costa Mesa, CA (714) 545 7359
INFOEX-80 West Palm Beach, FL (305) 683 6044
INFOEX-80 Akron, OH !1216] 724 2125
Infoport Ontario (416) 278 3267
Info-System Ontario (416) 622 2462
Irvine Line, Irvine, CA 714) 551 4336
JCTS Redmond, WA (206) 883 0403
Kinky Kumputer, San Francisco, CA (415) 626 5465
Kluge Computer $«l(213) 947 8128
LA. Interchange, Los Angeles, CA (213) 631 3186
Lehigh Press BB, PA #1 (215) 435 3388
Lethbridge Gaming System, Lethbridge, AB (403) 320 6923
LITHO/NET (800) 831 6964
Long Beach Community Computer (213)591 7239
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Mail Board-82 Seattle, WA (206)527 0897
Micro-80 West Palm Beach, FL (305) 686 3695
Micro Design, Houston, TX (713) 864 4672
Micro Informer J813J 884 1506
Midwest, St. Louis, MO (314) 227 4312
Mini-Bin Seattle, WA (206) 762 5141
MOUSE-NET Orlando, FL (305) 277 0473
MRCBBS (415) 968 1093
MSG-80 Everett, WA (206) 334 7394
NBBS Norfolk, VA (804J 444 3392
NESSY Chicago, IL 1 (312)773 3308
New England Comp. Soc, Maynard, MA (617) 897 0346
New Jersey TELECOM #1 (20lj 635 0705
North Orange County Computer Club (714) 633 5240
Novation CO., Los Angeles, CA pass-CAT (213) 881 6880
Nybbles-80 Elmsford, NY (914)592 5385
Nybbles-80 NY (212) 626 0375
OARCS Portland, Oregon 1503) 641 2798
OCTUG Orange County, Galden Grove, CA 714) 530 8226
Ohio Valley BBS 1614) 423 4422
Oracle North Hollywood, CA (213)980 5643
Orange County Data Exchange, Garden Grove, CA (714) 537 7933
OS UNA Scarsdale, NY (914)725 4060
PACS Online Phila, PA (215)3424013
PACE -NET Pittsburg, PA (412 655 2652
Personal Msg. System-80, Deeifield Bch, FL &.(305| 417 6300
PET BBS Commodore, Chicago, IL (312)397 0871
PET BBS AVC Comline, Indianapolis, IN (317) 255 5435
PET BBS KCPUG, Kansas City, KS (816) 356 2382
PET BBS Nortec Ontario (4161 782 7320
PET BBS R.T.C. Ontario (416) 884 6198
PET BBS SB Wyoming PUG (307) 637 6045
PET BBS PSI WordPro, Ontario, CN #1 (416)624 5431
PET BBS TPUG, Toronto, Ontario, CN (416) 223 2625
PHOTO-80, Haledon, NJ (201) 790 6795
PIG-STY Costa Mesa, CA (714) 545 4648
PMBBS (713) 441 4032
Potomac Micro Magiclnc, Falls Church, VA (703)3790303
RACS V FuUerton, CA (714) 524 1228
Remote Applcjackson, MS (601) 991 1918
RIBBS Villanova, PA (215) 517 6087
SATUG BBS, San Antonio, TX (512)494 0285
Scream Machme (312) 680 9613
Seacomm-80 Seattle, WA (206) 763 8879
SIGNON Reno, NV pswd = FREE. (702) 826 7234
$(702)826 7277
SISTER Staten Island, NY (212) 442 387?
SLAMS Missouri (314) 839 4307
S.L.U.M.S. Missouri (314) 394 7233
Software Referral Service (603) 625 1919
Sunrise Omega-80, Oakland, CA 1415)452 0350
Swap and Shop Washington (206)248 2600
Switchboard, Alexandria, VA (703) 765 2161
System/80 San Leandro, CA (415) 895 0699
Talk-80 ROBB, Portsmouth, VA 1804| 484 9636
Tali-Boaid Denver, CO (303) 221 1779
TBBS Canopus, Milwaukee, WI !(414) 281 0545
TCUG BBS, Washington, DC (703) 836 0384
TECOM-80, Tampa, FL (813) 839 6746
Telcom 7 New Fairfield, CT (203) 746 5763
Telemessage-80, Atlanta, GA (404)9610616
THUG Heath Ontario (416)173 3011
Treasure Island (313) 547 7903
Twilight Phone (313) 775 1649
Vanmil, Milwaukee, WI !(414) 271 7580
Visiboard, Wellesley, MA !(617) 235 5082
Washington Apple Pie Maryland |301) 657 4507
Weekender, Houston, TX (713) 491 8700
Westside Download, Detroit, MI (313) 533 0254
XBBS Hamilton, OH (513)863 7681
Zachary 'Net, Houston, TX (713) 933 7353
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*2 4 denotes 24-hour operation
#1 denotes original system of that type
-rb denotes call, let ring once and call back
-so sexually-oriented messages
-rl religious orientation
! new system or new number to existing system
$ Supports VADIC 1200 baud oneration
&. Supports 212A 1200 baud operation
% Supports BAUDOT operation
tMORO
ABILITY
MegaFle:
WITH SOFTDRIVERS FOR
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MEGAFLEX-a universal
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Enjoy megabytes of
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The MEGAFLEX secret is to autoboot soft-
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MEGAFLEX can match new drive capabilities with-
out hardware changes. Drive-dependent ROMs
have been eliminated.
APPLE ///? OF COURSE!!
MEGAFLEX is compatible with BASIC, CP/M,
Pascal, VISICALC, SOS and DOS-emulation on the
Apple III, Apple II, Franklin Ace and Basis. All lan-
MEGAFLEX offers flexible software choices:
• data rate (250/500 Kbits per second),
• single and double density recording, and
• single/double sided drive operation (max
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out modification too. a Division of SVA TWX 910-335-2047 APPLE TWO SDG
TRADEMARKS CP/M-Digital Research
Circle No. 59
JMCftO
6809 Bibliography
119. Miciocomputing 6, No. 11, Issue 71 (November, 1982)
McGowan, Ganett E., "COCO Can Go," pg. 27.
A comparison between the Color Computer and the IBM PC
on the generation of random numbers in benchmark tests.
120. MICRO, No. 54 (November, 1982)
Tenny, Ralph, "A Monitor for the Color Computer, " pg. 19-21.
Step-by-step instructions to get composite video from the
6809-based Color Computer to drive a standard video
monitor.
Anderson, Ronald W., "FLEX and the TRS-80 Color
Computer," pg. 23-24.
A brief description of the FLEX09 operating system as imple-
mented on the 6809-based TRS-80 Color Computer.
Steiner, John, "CoCo Bits," pg. 38-39.
Notes on the TRS-80 Color Computer point out that this
machine is more than a game machine.
121. Compute! 4, No. 11 (November, 1982)
Anon., "Terminal Emulation Package for the SuperPET," pg.
246-247.
■ ■ A utility package for the 6809-based SuperPET.
122. 80-U.S. 5, No. 11 (November, 1982)
Staff, "Notes," pg. 16.
Simulating the PRINT® command on the TRS-80 Color
Computer.
Wright, Barrel, "Color Computer Communication," pg.
58-60.
An evaluation of ColorCom/E Version 2.0 for the TRS-80
Color Computer.
Laronda, Joseph P., "Variable Listing," pg. 65-71.
Analyze your Color Computer programs with this utility.
Latham, J.L., "EDTASM Plus," pg. 109-111.
; An editor/assembler for the TRS-80 Color Computer.
Latham, J.L., "PRINTCC Version 1.4," pg. 111-112.
A printer buffer for the Color Computer.
Staff, "Color Computer EPROM Cartridge," pg. 119.
CMEMORY-16 is a plug-in cartridge for the TRS-80 Color
Computer that allows the user to add up to 16K of con-
tinuous read-only memory.
' 123. Creative Computing 8, No. 12 (December, 1982)
Coffey, Michael, "New Processors for the Apple n," pg. 30-47.
A review includes information on 6809 options for the Apple.
Linzmayer, Owen, "TRS-80 Color Computer Games," pg.
75-87.
A review of several games for the 6809-based Color Computer.
,„■ Norman, Scott L., "TheColor Computer Speaks," pg. 148-152.
.' A speech-synthesis program for the Color Computer.
' Ahl, David H., "Make Your Computer Into a Love Potency
- . Meter," pg. 346-348.
-J',' How to build an analog-to-digital interface on your Color
ftp. Computer for fun and learning.
^i
^ *f 124. Micro Computer Printout 3, No. 12 (November, 1982)
W-i Allason, Julian, "Micro 8," pg. 29.
'.if' The Fujitsu "Micro 8" has three microprocessors, two
fy; 6809's, and a Z80A CPU to run CP/M software.
,J-
No. 59 -April 1983
Dr. William R. Dial
438 Roslyrv Avenue
Akron, OH 44320
125. Commodoie Magazine (Octobei/Novembei, 1982)
Staff, "SuperPET Update," pg. 12.
Questions and answers on the 6809-based SuperPET.
126. '68 Micro Journal 4, Issue 11 (Noyember, 1982)
Anderson, Ronald W., "FLEX User Notes," pg. 9-11.
Comments on 6809/FLEX software, Lucidata Pascal Version
3 and ABASIC for the 6809, FORTH for the TRS-80 Color
Computer, etc.
Nay, Robert L., "Color User Notes," pg. 14-16.
Notes on Color FORTH and other products for the Color
Computer.
Wolf, Michael, "Keyboard Scan Routine," pg. 16-19.
A routine enabling you to generate all 128 ASCH characters,
control codes, and Escape sequences for the TRS-80 Color
Computer.
Perotti, James, "CC FORTH," pg. 19-20.
A discussion of the features of this version of FORTH for the
6809-based Color Computer.
Como, Norm, " 'C User Notes," pg. 20-24.
Notes on the use of 'C by 6809-based systems.
Anon, "Problem 6809 Chips," pg. 29.
A discussion of "flakey" 6809 CPU devices points to prob-
lems with chips made prior to the CW3 mask set number.
Anon, "FD88 Dev. Sys.," pg. 31-34.
With the FD88 Acorn Computer System development board
two systems (FLEX, OSO, UniFLEX, SDOS, etc.) can co-
reside in a single 6809 computer at one time.
127. 80 Micro, No. 35 (December, 1982)
Wasler, David L., "Wolfbug 64K," pg. 41-44.
Upgrade the 4K, 16K, or 32K Color Computer to 64K using a
monitor called Wolfbug and a 64K RAM adapter card.
Norman, Scott L., "The Color Computer Goes FORTH," pg.
80-86.
Programming in FORTH is now possible for TRS-80 Color
Computer users.
Garrison, Sidney C, "Flaky," pg. 94-98.
A graphics program for the 6809-based TRS-80 Color Computer.
Chuck, Michael J.,"CC CQ," pg. 200-209
Morse Code for the Radio Amateur on the TRS-80 Color
Computer.
Knecht, Ken, "Color Diskdump," pg. 354.
A BASIC program for the 6809-based Color Computer
that lets one see what is stored on a disk file or in any
area of memory.
Ginger, Ron, "Easy Picture Editor," pg. 388-392.
Simple commands for art or games graphics: lines,
boxes, and circles for the 6809-based TRS-80 Color
Computer.
Ramella, Richard, "Fun House," pg. 419-424
A Color Computer listing for the ancient Hanukkah
game of Driedel.
128. Interface Age 7, Issue 10 (Novembei, 1982)
Segal, Hillel, "Smoke Signal Chieftain," pg. 42-45
The Smoke Signal Chieftain microcomputer runs on a
6809 microprocessor at 2 MHz, and has shown very good
results in business benchmark programs.
mKtto
127
Advertiser's Index
AB Computers 60
ABC Data Products 89
Acorn Software Systems 90
Alternative Energy Products 22
Amdek 64-65
Anthro-Digital Software Ill
Applefest 126
AppleTree Electronics 8
Arbutus Total Soft 115
Ark Computing 66
Armadillo Software 120
Aurora Software 52
Black Box Catalog 119
Community Computer 113
Compress 77
Compu$ense 18,52,81,105,107
CompuTech 108
Compu-Way 113
Computer Case Co 7
The Computerist, Inc 109
Computer Mail Order 96-97
Computer Science Engineering 59
Computer Trader 59
Datamost, Inc 6,25 /
DataSoft, Inc 121
Design Dynamics 104
Digital Acoustics 87
D&N Micro 11
Don't Ask Software 75
Eastern House Software 56
Excert 121
Execom, Inc 43
Federal Energy 107
Gimix, Inc 1
Gloucester 115
Hayden Software 95
Hudson Digital Electronics 41
I JG 63
Intec Peripherals 22
Interesting Software 10
John Bell Engineering 122
John Wiley & Sons 9
Leading Edge BC
Logical Devices 43
Lyco Computing 19
Manx Software 108
McMillan Publishing 83
Microbits (Classifieds) 114
Micro Data Supplies 21
Micro Motion 89
Micro Mountain 69
Microspec 112
Microtech 16
Microware Distributing 89
Midwest Micro 83
Modular Mining 115
Modular Systems 90
Penguin Software 3
Performance Micro Products 18
Perry Peripherals 110
RH Electronics 15,101
Rockroy IPC
Scientific Software 119
Sensible Software 119
SGC 53
S J B Distributors 17
Skyles Electric Works 34
Smartware 114
Softronics 36
Sorrento Valley Assoc 125
Southwestern Data Systems 79
Spectrum Projects 114
Strom Systems Inc 112
Talbot Microsystems 121
Unique Data 85
Versa Computing 13
Victory Software 103
Vista Computing IBC
XPS, Inc 91
Zytrex 105
MICRO Advertising
Mastering Your Vic-20 68
MICRO INK is not lesponsible /or claims made by its adveitiseis. Any com-
plaint should be submitted directly to the advertisei. Please also send writ-
ten notification to MICRO.
National Advertising Representatives
West Coast:
The R.W. Walker Co., Inc.
Gordon Carnie
2716 Ocean Park Boulevard, Suite 1010,
Santa Monica, California 90405 (213) 450-9001
serving: Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado,
New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, Nevada, California, Alaska, and Hawaii
(also British Columbia and Alberta, Canada
Mid- West Territory:
Thomas Knoor & Associates
Thomas H. Knoor, Jr.
333 N. Michigan Avenue, Suite 707
Chicago, Illinois 60601 (312) 726-2633
serving: Ohio, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Texas, North Dakota, South
Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Missouri, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa,
Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota.
Middle Atlantic and Southeastern States:
Dick Busch Inc.
Richard V. Busch
6 Douglass Dr., R.D.
Princeton, NJ 08540
Dick Busch, Inc.
Eleanor IM. Angone
74 Brookline,
E.Atlantic Beach, NY 11561
#4
(201) 329-2424
(516) 432-1955
serving: New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland,
West Virginia, Virginia, D.C., North Carolina, South Carolina, Loui-
sianna, Tennessee, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, and Florida
128
MICRO
No. 59 -April 1983
15th century renaissance man, Leonardo Da Vinci, con-
tributed an inextiaustible collection of inventions and ideas
to solve the world's problems. These ideas were centuries
sahead of their time. The studies on this page deal with ex-
^periments in manned flight.
Like Leonardo, Vista Computer is answering many of
today's complex computer storage problems. The Vista
V1200 is a great solution to Apple 11™ storage. Mass storage
^ for your Apple II™ Computer has always been a problem. On
one hand, there were the exotic, expensive hard disks with
, no cost efficient means of backup. On the other hand
" Apple floppy drive lacked the speed and storage demanded
by today's professionals.
the worries of head era
the backup, viitly a ' new.'. appjIcaCibEK' of fKK^jSr^
^ded technolQ-gy: ', 1;'/^W'^'^.I' ; -#fe"
ri^riial
The VistaPak cartridge^ {io]^^cm&.oC.fQrAia£td
Vista's V1200 offers both at an incredibly attractive price. The removahlelcartridoe ■ai^ws"y'dt|-.,ta '»-^'-^-
The removable VistaPak cartridges offer 6 Megebytes of yourvaluabfe. -«,.,.- sr- -■,^- .i«
removable storage each and can be backed up like a floppy. accounting, -word pco^SssinjgfS^read sh^t^^
cations. Md iq^er stdra^ge w(\Cespijxt& tirq^^j
now hard disk storage and speed can be yours with the added and capatrfffty-. - ■ ir.'*!, S^Jsf ' '-^ ' *-'^
capability of interchangeable media. The V1200 eliminates
ichata
mi.
%^fiUa. y-i200
is a registered trademark of Apple Computer Co.
• Microprocessor cbntroHed' driyd;,-/*-" DgtA'Cg
Removable Data Cartridges • CP'iW. pC)Sf'*Pa''~
ble • Quickcharge™^DOSenhanceE«BrtSL[fWticl__^. -,^,^1^-
1 VistaPak cartridge' • Vista 120 Da'x'^aV^i^ ->. .^"rTH
a ,^ » . -.. _ ^ , , ■■'■.■
Contact Your Locat'Vista dealer olrC^U our Vi^facHi
, ,' t B!5l<MBU508S >« «EI»RI!SEPITfl,aVES .!,*»•.
ivestern Uroup'SWhofeHl^ -?^ ,'" '"" ' , RoitliVaatxS^
,2ra> 075 784* fn^MAi^t-i, :'*V^;; ;.,.*;• ■ , '^'
South Central - M P69(*ton5i<i *''ii-«^«ai« . J.^!
, ■!,■>■ '%■_.-- ■ ■ t^jsf;
'Su ■ '■'■'* ^ f; 'f ''!»' -k-^ :-i
^^„
- - ;i3i7 e^t EdinaerJ
THE LEADING EDGE IN PRINTERS
ONE GREAT LINE. ONE GREAT WARRANTY.
Finally, there's one full family of printers that covers every business or word processing application -
all from C. Itoh. a company known for packing more product into less price: and all distributed
exclusively by Leading Edge, a company known for searching out and providing that very thing.
Which means that one call to one source can get yon any printer, any time you need it. for any purpose.
All backed by a full years warranty from'Leading Edge. iTry that on any other line of printers.)
THE PRO'S.
The Prowriters: business printers— and more. The "more" is a dot-matrix process with more dots. It gives you denser
corres pondence quality copy (as opposed to business cjuality copy, which looI<s like a bad job of spray-paintingl.
Prowriter : 120 cps. 80 columns dot matrix compressable to 136. 10" carriage. Parallel or serial interface.
Prowriter 2; Same as Prowriter, except 15" carriage allows full 136 columns in normal print mode.
Parallel or serial interface.
[PKwami
PROWRITK
THE STAR.
The Starwriter F-10. In short lor more precisely, in a sleek 6" high, 30-pound tinit), it gives you more
■ just about everything— except bulk and noise— than any other printer in its price range. Its a 40 cps letter-quality
daisy-wheel with a bunch of built-in functions to simplify and speed up word processing.
'' -'---■■-'- ,st; any micro on the market, serial or parallel.
EWM/RnFJF-TO
THE MASTER.
The Printmaster F-10. Does all the same good stuff as the Starwriter except, at 5f
PRINTMASTERF-TO
Distributed Exciusivelv by Leading Edge l^odi
Call. Loll-frea l-8(X)-343-6833: hr in Ma
^25 Tlirnpikc Street. Canton. Ahissdchusctrs 02021.
ts call collect 16171828-8150 Telex 951-624.
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